Business & Tourism Management: Tourism Impacts and Sustainable Development

BTM5TSD

Business & Tourism Management

Tourism Impacts and Sustainable Development

“Individual Case Study”

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Chapter One: Introduction, Definitions, and Overview

1. Aims and Objectives of the Case Study

Aim: The research focus of this case study is to examine the sustainable challenges in Wildlife Tourism in Hungary to provide a solution that can Stem habitat loss within the Wildlife Tourism sector through the use of CSR strategies. The case study will look at the effects of Wildlife Tourism on the environment of Hungary as well as the possible solutions which can be implemented in the future to help create sustainable tourism.

Objectives:

1. To Define and explore crucial concepts related to tourism impacts and sustainable development.

2. To Investigate the origins and evolution of sustainable tourism, with a concentration on Wildlife Tourism.

3. To Assess the present state of Wildlife Tourism in Hungary, estimating both its positive and negative impacts.

4. To Identify important stakeholders involved in Wildlife Tourism in Hungary and analyse their CSR initiatives.

5. To Propose CSR-based strategies to address the issue of environmental loss and promote sustainable tourism practices.

2. Definitions

Tourism Impacts: Tourism impacts pertain to the positive and negative effects that can accrue from a tourism activity on the environment, economy and society of the receiving region. These effects are again direct and indirect, which may have either beneficial or harmful effects on the community depending on how the issue of tourism is approached. For instance, more revenues realised from the sales of tourism help in the conservation of natural resources while at the same time supporting the growth of the local economy.

Figure 1(Tourism Impact)

(Sources: https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.lj299U6RGWlxoawykdndRAAAAA?rs=1&pid=ImgDetMain)

Sustainable Development: Sustainable development has been described as development that has taken place in a manner that does not use up resources at the detail that cannot be replaced or renewed. This concept is well applicable in the tourism industry as the two extremes of nature conservation and economic development are vital for any country. Sustainable practices like green accommodation and wildlife watching as well as tourism ventures in Hungary can be of advantage to the economy of the country while getting rid of unsustainable methods that endanger the habitats of natural resources in the country.

Figure 2 (Sustainable Development)

(Sources: https://res.cloudinary.com/hy4kyit2a/f_auto,fl_lossy,q_70/learn/modules/the-global-goals/learn-about-the-global-goals/images/42cd1335acb65f900a15814feb35afc7_ck-1-uz-4-qi-1001-x-0-zk-73-rcle-6-i-4.png)

Ecotourism: Ecotourism involves travelling to the natural area to have responsible tourism, which involves the mixture of environmentalism, local people’s revenue, and studying the area’s flora and fauna. This kind of tourism is one of the subsectors of Wildlife Tourism in Hungary especially in areas such as Hortobágy National Park. For instance, the tours guiding the spectators to watch wildlife in this park as well as other parks and reserves; not only reduce the negative impact of tourists on the ecosystem but will also enhance the knowledge of the public on the consequences of degrading the environment.

Ethical Tourism: Ethical tourism promotes the understanding and proper treatment of cultures, economies, and ecology of the visited countries for the direct benefit of the tourists. In the case of Wildlife Tourism in Hungary, ethical practices may be the proper remunerations to the local tour guides who take tourists to the wildlife destinations, supporting community wildlife conservation initiatives as well as observing appropriate wildlife watching practices that do not interfere with the natural ecosystems.

3. Overview of Chosen Destination and Tourism Category

Destination: Hungary

Hungary is a country in Central Europe which is famous for its distinctive opportunities to observe different species of animals and birds and the abundance of vegetation. It is also a host to different natural biotopes, namely the great plains of Hortobagy National Park, the region around Lake Balaton and the water bodies associated with the Danube River. These areas present the best prospects for Wildlife Tourism the Tourism that is aimed at witnessing and supporting the exotic wildlife of Hungary.

Figure 3 (Hortobagy National Park)

(Sources: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/pDm4cnrH2F4/maxresdefault.jpg)

Type of Tourism: Wildlife Tourism.

Tourism in Hungary Wildlife primarily consists of activities like watching exotic birds, wildlife safaris, conservations, and eco-friendly accommodations. The Hortobágy National Park which, among other things, is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is well-known all over the world for bird watching and birds like the great bustard. Wildlife Tourism is also very important in Hungary since it increases international and domestic tourists and at the same time supports wildlife conservation and wildlife knowledge. It also helps the visitors to understand wildlife and makes them contribute to the preservation of the natural resources in the country. This in turn also has certain threats, especially the habitat conversion for infrastructural development which is a theme under Wildlife Tourism, thus implying the need for proper sustainable management.

Figure 4 (Wildlife Tourism)

(Sources: https://www.prolocomurlo.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/tourist-in-wildlife-tourism.jpg)

This paper aims to present the Hungarian Wildlife Tourism case study, identify the sustainable issue – habitat loss – and consider CSR as a means of addressing it. Chapter One identifies the general research background, definitions, purpose and objectives of the study and general context on Hungary as a wildlife tourism destination. Chapter Two brings an analysis of sustainable tourism focusing on its relation with ecotourism and ethical tourism as well as the vending of impacts of tourism. Chapter Three examines Wildlife Tourism in Hungary and presents its benefits and the CSR activities of the stakeholders. Chapter Four focuses on some of the implementation issues in sustainability, with the key contention being habitat destruction and Chapter Five offers CSR-based recommendations consistent with Hungary’s sustainable tourism strategies.

Chapter Two: Origins of Sustainable Tourism

1. Origins of Sustainable Tourism

Sustainable tourism is therefore a concept that is associated with sustainable development, which came to light in the seventies and eighties, with deterioration of the environment and drastic impacts of social evolution due to industrialisation. Another notable event in the formation of Perspectives on sustainable tourism was the 1987 Brundtland Report also known as “Our Common Future” The report formulated the general meaning of the word sustainability as development that can meet the needs of the current generation without negating the ability of the future generation to meet their needs. This was however transformed over time through the support of world bodies such as the United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO). As will be seen from the UNWTO’s Global Code of Ethics for Tourism Management, the focus was on such aspects as the environmental, cultural or economic effects of tourism. Another achievement was the 1992 Rio Conference at which the Programme of Action Agenda 21 included the directives for sustainable development in different sectors, such as tourism. These frameworks helped perpetuate a world tourism organisation agenda which combined environmental stewardship, socio-cultural sensitivity, and economic enrichment into the practice of tourism (Higham and Miller, 2018).

2. Connection Between Sustainability, Ecotourism and Ethical Tourism

Sustainability, ecotourism and ethical tourism are all meanings that are affiliated with each other and help to improve the tourism industry. Sustainable tourism aims at reducing effects on the natural environment, improving the living standards of the people and preserving cultural identity. Measures that are applied in a manner that limits the carrying out of tourism-related activities in such a way that they would harm the resources and the ecosystems that the next generation (Tauro et al., 2021).

“Sustainable tourism” is then divided into subcategories that include ecotourism which concentrates on the environment, natural resources and tourism. It promotes responsible tourism to sites of natural attraction to promote the conservation of such areas for the benefit of the locals. Ecotourism allows small-scale and controlled impact tourism activities such as wildlife watching, hiking, and nature learning (Streimikiene et al., 2021).

“Ethical tourism” extends this concern to include the social and economic aspects of sustainability. It can guarantee that tourism promotes environmental conservation as well as social equity in payment for labour, accountability and fairness in the sharing of tourism revenues. Ethical tourism puts it to an emphasis that individuals as well as organisations have a role to play in identifying and supporting decisions that will benefit a destination’s environment as well as its people.

In practice, these concepts support each other since they are closely interrelated. For instance, ecotourism which is a wildlife tour in Hungary with fair and equal treatment for the local guide and has the least impact on the environment as possible is a combination of ethical tourism, ecotourism, and sustainability (Nicolaides, 2020).

3. Definitions and Discussions

Overtourism: Overtourism refers to instances where the flow of visitors to any given region is beyond the bearing capacity of that region. It is evident in overcrowded tourist attractions which put pressure on the physical facilities, deplete the resources of the physical surrounding environment, and cause inconvenience to social groups of the society. For instance, in the Hungarian wildlife tourism field, the predisposing factor of overtourism was the potential disturbance of numerous and sensitive ecosystems including Hortobágy National Park where visitors’ numerous footprints endanger valuable wildlife habitats (Dodds and Butler, 2019).

Consumption: In the field of tourism, consumption focuses on the utilisation of tourism resources by a tourist. This includes water, energy, and food, as well as waste, and other by-products. Tourism consumptions have negative impacts because it exhausts resources and is much more severe in sensitive environments. Wildlife tourism itself is another challenge for conservation as it leaves the tourists themselves to contribute to the environment through their transportation means, and accommodation among other factors that include waste disposal (Smith et al., 2023).

Wicked Problem: Wicked problem simply means problems that require solving but because they are interrelated and affect several stakeholders whose interests do not align with the problem’s solution. One of the best illustrations of a wicked problem is the case of trying to enhance the economic growth of the country through tourism while still having to protect the environment as well as the cultures of the people. The challenge of the conflicting options in the development of tourism in Hungary is having a positive impact on the growth of wildlife-watching tourism while at the same time ensuring that the impact on the wildlife population as well as the buildings that threaten to undo these habitats is controlled is therefore evident (Head, 2022).

4. Range of Tourism Impacts

Tourism is uniquely capable of having both positive and negative influences on the physical and social environments and economies of a given area. Thus, the impacts outlined above are especially observable in the context of Hungarian wildlife tourism.

Positive Impacts	Negative Impacts
Economic Benefits: Wildlife tourism also creates substantial income hence is valuable for the locals and the entire country’s economy. For instance, animal tourism in Hortobágy National Park contributes to business revenues and provides jobs to such employees as tour guides, rangers, and hospitality experts (Lovins, 2020).	Environmental Degradation: High tourism exertion may result in degradation of wildlife habitats, pollution and disturbance of the animals. Construction projects like roads, hotels, and other facilities may dissect habitats, hence deeming the former a threat to the latter (Lewis, 2022).
Conservation Funding: This suggests that part of the money generated from tourism can be used to fund the conservation of the respective resources. Charges such as entrance fees and donations in wildlife parks can be used in the funding of other conservation and preservation programs such as conserving habitats and protecting the wildlife species (Bellon, 2019).	Resource Strain: This means that more tourists mean more demands on some of the resources that may include water, and energy, among others. The increase in consumption rates results in overuse and exhaustion of the fragile ecosystem in the region, especially during the times of tourist rush (Bakker and de Vries, 2021).
Cultural Exchange: Tourism benefits people of different cultures including tourists because it provides information about Hungary's historical background as well as other cultures. It can also grant the local communities a way how to present their culture to the outsiders (Iwabuchi, 2018).	Cultural Erosion: In some peculiar circumstances, it means a commercialisation of the local culture, where indigenous cultures are changed or even watered down to suit the tourist’s tastes and preferences hence eradicating the real and pure culture (Khoury et al., 2022).

These impacts show the usefulness of the double-side effect of tourism that connects it with the economic and conservation side with more attention to environmental and social consequences.

5. Sustainable Tourism vs. Mass Tourism

Sustainable tourism and mass tourism are two distinct concepts that have been defined regarding the development of tourism. Eco-tourism which is now the dominant type of tourism aims at developing tourism in a manner that can be sustained in the long run and the process enriches the environment socially and economically. Measures of sustainable tourism include restricting the number of tourists visiting the site and using eco-friendly accommodations as well as supporting the local economy (Coghlan, 2019).

“Mass tourism” refers to many people visiting a certain area with little regard to the consequences that the visit will leave to the environment or people of that area. It is oriented toward mass and low-cost tourism and can cause intense congestion of the locations, high demand for resources, and negative impact on the environment. For instance, mass tourism means the destruction of habitats in such countries as Hungary that might be home to half, or even quarter-endangered species, because the number of visitors might be too large for the ecosystems to support.

Mass tourism and sustainable tourism do differ concerning the ways these two forms of tourism are managed. Responsible tourism is concerned with the sustainable exploitation of resources and business development while humanity tourism aims at achieving the greatest number of visitors disregarding the effects a tourism boom has on the environment. Sustainable tourism thereby seeks the right attitude of the tourists as well as the tourism operators, to foster the balance between the tourism sector with conservation (Nunkoo and Gursoy, 2019).

Chapter Three: The Nature of Your Selected Destination

1. Travel Routes from the UK to Hungary

When it comes to travelling from the United Kingdom to Hungary, the most used and fastest means is by flight. Those planning to travel by air could easily get non-stop flights from major cities in the United Kingdom including London, Manchester and Edinburgh to Budapest which is the capital of Hungary. British Airways, Wizz Air and Ryan Air have a relatively average time of 2 to 2. 5 hours having direct flights to Poland. Airfare ranges from £ 50-200 per round trip and this depends on season, time of booking and season.

For the travellers who prefer other form of transport are train and road transport. There are no direct train facilities to Hungary and the cheapest and preferred way is to take the Eurostar to Paris or Brussels and then take a connecting train through Germany or Austria to Budapest. This journey is quite picturesque but may take a person more than 24 hours and will be much more costly than a flight. Road journeys are also feasible, though the London to Budapest car journey would roughly take between 18 and 20 hours, so most tourists will prefer to fly (Somogyi and Csapó, 2018).

2. Wildlife tourism in Hungary: A summary

Wildlife tourism in Hungary is based on the animal and plant wealth of the country and the natural resources. The country has over ten national parks and nature reserves and all have individual prospects for wildlife watching and other forms of nature tourism. Located in Hungary, Hortobágy National Park is a famous wildlife site also painted on the UNESCO tentative list which interested birding enthusiasts from different corners of the world to watch great bustards and white-tailed eagles. The large expanses of open savannah, swamp areas and traditional agriculture also speak a lot for the park with the eco-tourists.

The Danube River and its wetlands are home to otters, herons and beavers among other animals and Lake Balaton is another excellent place for bird watching and other nature-related activities. Wildlife tourists are also attracted to Hungary due to its relatively unaltered geographical terrains which provide less commercialised experiences to visitors as compared to other European countries (Raffay et al., 2024).

3. Potential Impacts of Tourism on the Destination

The effects of wildlife tourism in Hungary can be categorised into direct and indirect impacts on the environment economy and community.

Positive Impacts:	Negative Impacts:
Job Creation: Wildlife tourism promotes employment to the people especially those in the rural areas where the national parks and reserves are located. Local people, such as guides, park rangers and personnel in the hospitality industry are some of the main beneficiaries of the increased number of tourists.	Habitat Disturbance: Wildlife habitats can be affected by the enhancement of human activity. In some cases, this mass of feet and noise of the tourists may interfere with the breeding and feeding of young or the migration sites of many sensitive creatures such as birds.
Conservation Funding: It is surprising but entrance fees and the money people pay for tourism help a lot in the preservation of Hungary’s natural facilities. These funds are useful in the Hortobágy National Park where they are used in research and wildlife management.	Pollution: Tourism enhances scattering, water pollution, and increased generation of additional waste products eloquently, especially around tourist attraction zones.
Cultural Preservation: Wildlife tourism enables Hungarian rural cultures and heritage to be embraced since wildlife tourism encourages people to interact with the local practices including the farming practices within the park.	Overuse of Natural Resources: With the increase in the number of tourists, particularly during the festive season there is pressure on basic commodities like water and energy. This has the potential to lead to the exhaustion of the resources in the areas of the world that are already affected negatively (Castela, 2018).

4. CSR Implementation by Key Leading Tourism Stakeholders

In Hungary, several stakeholders are involved in the development and sustenance of wildlife tourism. Some of them are tour operators, government officials, conservation agencies, and community residents who all play diverse roles in the promotion of sustainable tourism. These are Paramount for facilitating their CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) in dealing with the effects of wildlife tourism on the environment as well as the community.

Stakeholder	CSR Initiatives	Future Aims & Objectives
Tourism Operators	Promote eco-friendly accommodations and responsible wildlife observing practices.	Increase the use of renewable energy in tourism accommodations and offer more educational tours focused on conservation.
Government Bodies	Implement rules to control tourist numbers and minimise habitat disruption in national parks.	Enhance policies for wildlife protection and create stricter strategies for sustainable tourism development.
Conservation Organisations	Run conservation programs funded by tourism revenues, focusing on habitat refurbishment and species protection.	Expand research efforts and community-based conservation projects, with a greater contribution to local populations.
Local Communities	Participate in tourism through employment, traditional farming observes, and cultural engagement.	Ensure that tourism revenues are equitably distributed and reinvested into local infrastructure and education programs.

These stakeholders play a major role in regulating sustainable wildlife tourism in Hungary and at the same time discouraging any form of tourism that may hurt the environment or the community. These are consistent with their future visions since they aim at increasing the extent of conserving the environment, minimising impacts on the natural environment, and assisting local people to improve their standards through responsible tourism (Font and Lynes, 2018).

Chapter Four: Challenges to Implementing Sustainability in Tourism

1. Some of the challenges which are experienced when undertaking sustainable tourism implementation include:

Managing sustainable tourism involves several challenges, which may be attributed to several financial, social and environmental concerns. This is one of the major challenges which include lack of funds. Small businesses involved in the tourism industry often lack the capital to get into sustainable development projects that could include matters like green energy and lights, environment-friendly accommodation as well as conservation of natural resources. These investments however may involve high initial investments which are turn-offs for businesses leading to abandonment of sustainable practices despite the later benefits. Some of the major issues that can be still observed are linked to insufficient awareness among the stakeholders, which may cover tourists, businesses, and communities. Some tourists may not be fully aware of what effect they pose to the environment for instance interference with the natural behaviour of animals and wastes produced (MacKenzie and Gannon, 2019).

Another challenge is resistance to change. The current stakeholders that are involved in the tourism industry and the current enterprises may resist change because they believe that doing so may lead to lower returns and or profound structural adjustments. However, there is one more significant issue – the problem of economic growth versus conservation of natural resources. Wildlife tourism has a significant effect on the economy of many countries, Hungary inclusive, since tourism is among the most important sources of income for many areas. Still, even with vested self-interest in high tourist arrival numbers, authorities recognise that excessive tourist arrival numbers have detrimental effects on the environment as other resources end up in over-exploitation, degradation and pollution (Bagus et al., 2019).

2. Habitat Loss as a Sustainable Issue

In the case of Hungary’s wildlife tourism, habitat loss is a crucial sustainability issue that needs to be addressed. This is especially the case in locations such as the Hortobágy National Park, where the stakes are high concerning habitats and prosperity as the result of the expansion of tourism businesses and the implication of continuing people movement. It has several problems among which a crucial one is infrastructure development – construction of roads, lodges, and other facilities necessary in the tourism industry. There is a split of habitats by linear barriers such as roads, buildings, and other infrastructures; this results in fragmentation making it hard for the species to access the necessary resources such as food, and breeding grounds, among others (Wilkinson et al., 2018).

This means that another challenge that has been noted is the scarcity of resources in an attempt to promote conservation. Operators of wildlife tourism may not possess adequate capital or human power to put in place a climax conservation measure. These programs may lack funding and sufficient expertise, which in turn may lead to poor programmes in the conservation of habitats which are already under threat. Tourism enterprises, community residents, environmentalists, and policymakers nowadays represent varying stakeholders who have different claims (Williams et al., 2021).

Discussion: How These Challenges Undermine Sustainable Possibilities

These difficulties combined make it difficult to unfold sustainable measures that would enable the prevention of habitat destruction. There is usually little emphasis on environmental control and enhancement since infrastructure development dominates the process, of increasing tourist traffic revenues. It breaks down to the short-term economic gains at the expense of the wildlife habitats thus eradicating the very features the wildlife tourists are interested in. This is true unless there is proper planning and regulation put in place to control the effect of infrastructure which may lead to the loss of the natural setting of a destination such as Hortobágy National Park (Schneider et al., 2019).

There is only limited funding for the conservation of these habitats, let alone attempts at arresting the loss of habitat. Despite the awareness by businesses and stakeholders of the significance of conservation of scarce resources, due to inadequate resources, they do not act towards the conservation eliciting the needed results. Also, you should know how important, but difficult it is to engage stakeholders. Sustainable tourism involves the working together of different stakeholders such as the tour operators, government organisations, tourist organisations and members of the community. But the problem of conflicting interests and priorities is an insurmountable barrier in this case. This means that the local communities may not support sustainable practices if they do not benefit from them in terms of conservation. In conclusion, it can be pointed out that although sustainable tourism can help solve problems of habitat destruction, it is challenging to elaborate successful tactics because of problems such as financial limitations, stakeholders’ resistance, and high levels of change management (Ramos-Mejía, Franco-Garcia, and Jauregui-Becker, 2018).

Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendations

1. Summary of Key Findings

The case study for this paper considers the sustainability problems of wildlife tourism in Hungary with a distinct emphasis on the loss of habitats. Chapter One gave an overview about the key ideas about the impacts of tourism and sustainable development and showcased how on the one hand, tourism fosters economic development, and, on the other hand, it supports environmental deterioration. The development of sustainable tourism and concepts such as ecotourism or ethical tourism have been introduced in chapter two in detail to encourage people to travel sustainably. Chapter Three focused on the discussion of the impact of tourism on wildlife in the context of Hungary, both the advantages offered by the local tourism activities, and the disadvantage it brought to the environment and the communities. In Chapter Four, the major problem areas in the context of sustainable tourism implementation were described in details, including habitat loss owing to infrastructural developments, inadequate conservation funding, and the problem of stakeholders.

The importance of habitat loss as a factor in wildlife tourism cannot be overemphasised. With the development of wildlife tourism in Hungary, further protection of natural settlements should be delivered to save unique species of animals and birds as well as the future of the tourism business.

2. Recommendations for habitat loss:

Thus, the following suggestions are needed to fight habitat loss in Hungary’s wildlife tourism industry properly. Such strategies should comply with the concept of CSR and focus on the further company’s sustainable development.

Sustainable Infrastructure: Thus, the focus on the construction of environment-friendly structures and infrastructure is crucial in minimising fragmentation of habitats as well as conserving wildlife. It is a matter of policy for tourism operators to cater for accommodation and amenities to avoid environmental exploitation, for instance constructing lodges and other amenities that are integrated to the environment.

Wildlife Conservation Programs: The impact of habitat preservation initiatives can be boosted in case there is a strengthening of collaboration with BNs of conservation NGOs. The authorities and the tourism operators should support conservation NGOs and protect wildlife by contributing to such organisations as WWF or Birdlife Hungary and implementing conservation programs.

Community Engagement: Engagement of the communities in the planning of tourism as well as ensuring that they get to benefit from the tourism activities is crucial in the implementation of sustainable measures. This can lead to the development of ownership and commitments towards environmental conservation since people will feel they are the ones who’ll suffer due to their strain on the environment.

CSR Alignment: Every approach should consider the CSR principles of stakeholders meaning that the wildlife tourism businesses, the conservation groups, and government departments should be on the same page to undertake sustainable practices. The stakeholders should base their evaluations and reviews on the achievement of those goals and objectives set for social, environmental, and economic impacts so that they can align themselves to new paradigms towards the long-term conservation goals.

Long-term Vision: Last, but not the least, it is important to formulate policies for sustained and responsible growth and conservation. The Hungarian government and significant tourism stakeholders should establish sustainable guidelines for tourism that respect the conservation of species and their habitats, and ensure that economic proceeds from wildlife tourism are channelled back to conservation for the long term. This is a perfect strategy that will ensure an equilibrium between the demand of tourists, commercial firms, and the conservation of natural resources.

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