Project Management in Indian Construction

Project management is a feature used in almost every sector and has been gaining importance in various sectors. According to Tereso, et. al. (2018), project management practices help add business value and greater benefit for the various sectors. With proper implementation of the project management practices, the industry can say that it can ensure that the project will be successful.

Every industry in the world have been following business practice, and these project management practices are mainly followed in the construction industry. The construction industry is one of the most important industries for any country because this industry has played an important role in developing and making the country advance.

According to the research of Gunduz and Yahya (2018), the overall development of any country depends on how well the construction industry of the country performs. It means that if the country's construction industry performs well, the country can be developed much more effectively. The construction industry plays an important role in the development of the country because of its ability to build and construct new projects that allow them to bring new opportunities for the country. However, different countries have different ways and types of construction methods, making them unique from all the other countries.

As per Banihashemi, et. al. (2017), all the construction companies have focused on saving the environment. For that, companies have been constantly changing their methods and trying to make them sustainable. However, in developing countries like India, the government and construction companies have focused on the country's economic development rather than saving the environment. In the research of Dixit, et. al. (2017), the overall development of the construction industry can analyze the working nature of the construction industry in India. It has been identified that Indian construction companies have been trying to adopt the lean construction method. In lean construction, the development of the methods has been much more focused on the development of the project by cutting down the construction cost by using the correct amount and type of construction materials.

As per Anderson (2019), India comes into the category of developing countries, and in India, almost every construction companies focus on reducing the cost of project development. For the reduction of the construction cost, many companies tried to change the materials used in the construction of any project. The Indian construction used a reinforced concrete construction technique to reduce the overall cost of a construction project so that the company could also make some profit. The trend of achieving sustainability in construction can also be seen in India.

According to the research of Jain, et. al. (2019), the construction companies of India have been focused on reducing the waste that has been generated from the construction and demolition of the building. India has a very high population, which means that the constant wastage in construction can become a problem. To solve these issues, the construction companies have been using methods that allow them to reduce the waste or control the waste that occurs during the demolition and construction of buildings.

As per Das and Emuze (2017) research, apart from waste management, another problem for the construction industry in India is mainly related to delays in the development of the project. Several factors can lead to delays in the construction of a project, like political issues, labour strikes, shortage of materials, legal issues, etc. These factors can create a problem for the company as they have to delay the construction of the project, leading to loss of capital and reputation.

Construction companies have been developing different methods and introducing protocols to handle any legal issue (Das and Emuze, 2017). However, apart from legal and political issues, the construction industry of India also lags in some technical methods, which leads to a reduction in the company's overall performance.

1.2 Problem Domain

In a developing country like India, there are different problems that the construction industry can face. This problem can be related to the management of all the process that is going to be used in the process.

According to Demirkesen and Ozorhon (2017), the construction industry can mainly face issues because of a lack of planning. Whenever a construction project is about to start, it takes almost 4 to 5 months of planning. Every aspect of the construction project will be discussed, from its design to budget to all the risks associated with it. This planning helps in understanding how the construction of the building will be taken out, what are the machines required, and the safety protocols used in the construction will be analyzed and understood.

According to Arditi, et. al. (2017), the major issues that the construction industry faces are related to the planning of the project. This lack of planning of the project can create a lot of unwanted problems that construction companies will not be able to face without a proper backup plan. This research helps in understanding the methods that have been used in the construction industry in India to solve the issues that can occur due to a lack of planning. This research helps in developing a brief idea about how the management of construction planning helps in reducing the issue of project failure.

1.3 Aims

This research aims to understand the contribution of project management practices used in the construction industry and analyse its benefits and perks towards the success of the construction and infrastructure industry within India.

1.4 Objective

To analyze the benefits, impacts, and effects of project management practices of the construction industry of India.
To understand the various project management approaches used by construction companies and their phases.
To understand any obstacle or constraints preventing construction companies from using project management techniques in the industry.
To analyze the factors that can affect the project management capability of the construction industry in India.

1.5 Research Questions

The research will be conducted to obtain answers to the below questions:

How does project management in the construction industry help India to achieve success parameters?

Does the Indian construction companies provide sufficient training and development for growth in the construction industry using project management?

What are the challenges faced by the companies in the construction sector regarding project management?

What is the major factor which affects project management planning in the construction industry of India?

1.6 Methodology

Research methodology is the process that helps in defining the steps that have been used for completing the research. For this research, a secondary research methodology will be chosen, and all the steps will be created to make the secondary analysis effective.

In the secondary research method, the source of collecting relevant information will be done using research papers. For the analysis of all these research papers, literature review methods will be used. The qualitative method is subjective and involves more theory and addresses details and studies from existing literature used to form own opinions and assumptions for the benefit of the research (Koehn, E., Ahmed, S.A., Jayanti, S., 2000).

Using the secondary research method helps in understanding the views of other researchers and what particular aspect has not been covered yet. These gaps can be identified by using secondary research methods, and it helps in developing effective research.

1.7 Significance

This research is mainly focused on understanding the project management methods that have been used in the projects of the construction industry. This research help in generating a brief understanding of the importance of the project management method, which can be helpful in solving the issues of the construction industry. By understanding the importance of project management in the construction industry of India, the major issues can be identified so that the methods can be resolved easily. This research will help in creating a perception of the construction industry of India and how it can be used for managing the construction project.

1.8 Structure of the report

This report contains different chapters, and after the introduction, a literature review will be conducted, which will help understand the research topic. After the literature review, the next chapter will be on a methodology that helps in providing information about the methods used to complete the research. The research will be using secondary analysis. Then in the next chapter, the analysis and discussion will provide a summary of the information that has been collected by analyzing the literature review. Then, in the end, the conclusion of the research will be provided, which helps in showing that the overall findings of the research can be understood.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

In the modern world construction industry is a wide area that is formed with different types of buildings and various civil engineering jobs. In the construction industry, jobs like road construction, home construction, and bridge development are common. The construction industry is a field that creates a huge impact on the GDP of a country; however, this industry is facing the problem of low production rate, less automation, and less technological advancement. In India, the construction industry is a crucial contributor to the growth of the economy because it has contributed about 8% in the last 5 years the economy. It also provides jobs to the 41 million people in the country, which makes it the second-largest job providing sector in India after the agriculture sector; however, this sector is facing problems due to low productivity, delays in project completion and lack of professional practices in the sector (Dixit, et. al., 2017). This industry is responsible for the creation of various infrastructures in different parts of a country. The construction industry consists of various types of planning like resource planning, logistic planning, and various risk management, which can affect the timeline and quality of a project (Akinosho, et. al., 2020). The performance of the construction depends on the various dimensions of project management. Integration of the various processes and people can increase the efficiency of the project work (Demirkesen and Ozorhon, 2017). The construction industry is also developing in India due to the increasing population and need for different infrastructures.

2.2 Role of project management practices in the construction industry

Project management practices are the advanced management approach adopted by organizations to improve performance. It is the combination of planning, resources handling, and organizing activities that helps to improve productivity and operational efficiency in an efficient manner. According to Mavi and Standing (2018), the critical success factor is one of the major project management practices applied in construction industries to reduce failure. However, the decision-making and implementation of critical factors are the major challenges faced by the construction industry. The fuzzy DEMATEL (decision making and evaluation laboratory) and ANP (Analytic network process) are the major approaches used in project management activities to improve the decision-making ability. This also helps to manage the success rate and helps to apply critical success factors efficiently. Furthermore, as per Gemünden, et. al. (2018), the project-oriented approach has been adopted by the construction industry for improving performance. It is focused on the structure, people and value segments that increase project success. However, information quality, decision support systems, and utility systems are the major factor affecting the industry’s performance. In addition, the leadership transformation and management of the business process are the issues that affect the construction industry’s performance. Human resource management, behavior management and knowledge management are the major theories implemented by the construction industry (Gemünden, et. al., 2018). Moreover, according to Chen (2019), quality management is one of the major/important aspects adopted by the construction industry to improve performance. It helps to reduce the number of accidents during construction and improve the life cycle. However, the analysis of the design, drawing, accidents management, and least strengthen are the major problem that occurs in the construction industry. These also affect the life cycle of the project. The PDCA (Plan, DO, check, and action) cycle has been adopted by the construction industry. It helps to improve the overall performance and helps to manage the quality standards with a minimum failure rate (Chen, 2019). In addition, knowledge management and risk management activities are adopted by the construction industry, which helps to improve performance (Zhang, et. al., 2018). These activities also help to manage the negative impact of the social and technical system of the construction industry/project. Although, the market trend analysis, consumer need analysis and team morale are the major issues that occur during the project and affect the overall performance (Cooper and Sommer, 2018). The agile development approach has been adopted by the construction industry to improve the product life cycle. In addition, it is focused on the product development plans, execution process, and resources handling process. It also helps to develop HPSD (hybrid product development system in an efficient manner). In addition, the Stage-gate approach is used in the construction industry, which helps to manage the resources and hybrid products efficiently. Although, the uses of the Lookahead planning and least uses of the planning details are the major issues faced by the construction industry (Heigermoser, et. al., 2019). The BIM (building information modelling), 4D construction simulation and Last planner system approach are the construction project management practices used to improve performance. These also help during the short-term planning process and help during future construction planning. Moreover, as per Erdogan, et. al. (2019), the multi-criteria method, contractor choice method and decision-making model are used by the construction industry. These help to improve the operational activities and performance efficiently. Further, as per Zuo, et. al. (2018), the structural equation modelling approach is one of the critical success factors used in a construction project to improve performance and help to manage the decision-making activities. In addition, the project manager development and competency (PMDC) framework has been used by the construction industry. It also helps to manage conflict management skills efficiently. Thus, it reflects that these are the major project management practices and activities used in the construction industry to improve performance. In addition, these help to reduce the planning and resources management issues that efficiently occur in the construction project.

2.3 Management practices and Approaches used in the construction industry

According to Ma, et. al. (2018), Building Information Modelling based project management activities are used in the construction industry. It helps to improve the building construction project life cycle. In addition, the model cooperative approach has been used in construction projects to manage operational construction activities. However, the implementation of the interface system and construction regulation are challenges. Furthermore, as per Dandage, et. al. (2018), the least management support, formal training, and cultural difference are the issues that occur in a construction project. In addition, leadership, risk management, attitudes, and behavior analysis are the problem that occurs in a large construction project. The interpretive structure modeling and MICMAC analysis (matrix-based multiplication analysis) have been adopted by large construction projects (Dandage, et. al., 2018). These help to improve the efficiency, life cycle and stability of the construction project. Moreover, according to Wibowo, et. al. (2018), green supply chain management is used by the construction industry, which helps to improve performance. It helps to manage the physical infrastructure, supply, and demand. Although waste management, energy management, environmental impact, and carbon efficiency are the issues faced occurs in a construction project. The green supply chia management is focused on the eco-design, environmental impact, design, and construction activities (Wibowo, et. al., 2018). This help to improve the performance of the construction industry. Moreover, as per Maskuriy, et. al. (2019), managerial activity management and investment activity management are used in the construction industry, which helps to manage construction activities efficiently. In addition, the industry revolution 4.0 components such as big data, IoT (Internet of things), artificial intelligence, and smart production are used in a construction project which helps to improve the project life cycle. However, the rapid development, delay, housing, transportation, social infrastructure and connectivity are the major challenges faced by the Indian construction industry. In addition, power and irrigation are the major problems that occur during Indian construction work (Prasad, et. al., 2019). In a construction project type of contract is one of the major factors which is the major cause of the delay. During the construction project, Design Bid Build and Design-Build are the major contract approach used to improve the stability and life cycle. In addition, the cost-plus, integrated project delivery, material, and Unit price are the major type of contracts used in the Indian construction industry. During the selection of the contract, different factors such as the profitability ratio, cost performance, market share, impact on the environment, and profitability ratio are the major factor considered in the Indian construction industry during the selection of the contract (Tripathi and Jha, 2018). In addition, mobilization, designing, execution, and planning are the major phase used to improve the stability of construction activities.

2.4 Effect of project management practices on the construction industry of India

In the project management of any industry, various types of practices are used, which is beneficial for the project team. Different practices can be adopted by project teams and managers to increase the productivity of work. According to Tereso, et. al. (2019) demonstrated that in the project initiation process, practices like kick-off meetings and project charter are used, and in the planning process, practices like work breakdown structure, requirement analysis, and project scope statement, and activity list will be prepared. In addition, Banihashemi, et. al. (2017) stated that major management practices that should be followed to increase the efficiency of the project are involvement of the client in the identification stage, knowledge management use in the evaluation process, and various health & safety management practices should also be followed in the site location. According to Bonanomi, et. al. (2019), various project management practices can be used in multiparty contract arrangements like validity study, integrated designs, joint decision-making process, monitoring transparency, joint liability, and conflict resolution process, which can reduce the complexity in the work and project can be easily completed. However, Njau and Omwenga (2019) stated that the project planning officers should include the relevant stakeholders in the designing process of the building and monitoring of the project work. This project management practice can reduce the occurrence of changes in the project design and work, which will further contribute to the reduction of delays in project delivery. According to Crispim, et. al. (2019), project risk management is a practice that can help the project team in identifying the risks, analyzing, and creating an effective response to the risks, which create a big impact on the working of the project. However, Aghimien, et. al. (2019) stated that the construction project faces failure due to the less quality of the construction work, so total quality management practice can improve the quality of the work and reduce the mistakes in the project. In the total quality management practices, various practices like customer focus, supplier quality management, employee relations, quality systems, quality information management, process quality management, resource management, human resource management, and strategic planning of the project. Total quality management can be improved with the help of customer involvement, training of the workers, and involvement of the various continuous improvement measures.

According to Demirkesen and Ozorhon (2017), integration management of the project can create an impact on the productivity and efficiency of the work. In integration management, various components are important, which are the development of the project charter and integration of the data related to the project along with its integration of the various process of the construction and integration of the staff of project work. In integration management, the complete supply chain is also integrated with the integration of the various changes in the work. However, Babalola, et. al. (2019) demonstrated that the implementation of lean principles is gaining growth in the construction industry. In construction, different types of the tasks like planning, construction, and design are carried which are very complex. Lean construction practices can reduce the waste and delays in the various tasks of the construction project, and they can also reduce the cost overruns in the project. According to Demirkesen and Ozorhon (2017), project management practices in the construction project can assist the project team in managing the time in the project, scope of the project, risks in the project, safety, human resource, communication, stakeholders, finance, and quality of the project. However, Dixit, et. al. (2017) stated that lean construction practices are being adopted by the management of the construction projects to increase the efficiency and productivity of the construction projects in India. With the help of lean construction, companies can cut down costs in the construction, and proper planning can also reduce the duration of the project. Various project management practices can be adopted in India, which can help in establishing the clear and concise scope of the project, and it can also help in setting up the communication plan within the team so that miscommunication can be reduced. With the project management practices, the manager can also delegate the tasks easily.

The project management team in the construction industry can also take help by understanding the financial competency of the construction industry in which the project team has to understand the financial processes and justify the program budget, which will also involve the procurement and contracting for the achievement of desired results. Project management practices help the project management team to complete the project within the planned budget and with complete control over the various challenges and factors. The project management team can make innovation in the different activities if every person in the team has proper knowledge of the financial process of the company that is carrying out the project because the success of the project depends on the financial disciplines and responsibility towards the budget which is provided to the team (Pradesh and Guhathakurta, 2021). Various project management practices help the project management team in the construction industry to manage the different tasks like designing, planning, construction work, change management, risk management, quality control, human resource management, material management, and documentation of the work. In the Indian construction industry, various project management practices can reduce the delay in project completion, which can be very profitable for the companies and as a developing nation, India needs to complete various infrastructures in a short duration to become a developed country, so project management practices can be very beneficial for it.

2.5 Project management approaches used by the construction industry of India

Various project management approaches can be beneficial for the various construction firms because the working method of every firm is different, and various projects have different complexity levels, so different approaches can be used in the projects. In the 21^st-century sustainable project management approach is increasing its popularity, which consists of the dimensions like corporate policies and practices, life cycle orientation, stakeholders’ engagement, resource management, and organizational learning (Armenia, et. al., 2019). According to Dasovi? and Klanšek (2019), project managers face issues due to the planning of the complete schedule of the work, which depends on the skills and knowledge of the project team which is carrying out the construction work so the manager can use the project management tools, which can create easiness in the planning, and monitoring of the work. The optimization model can be used to develop separate programs in the construction project and create balance in work. In addition, Lai and Yang (2019) stated that various schedule management methods could be used for the planning of project work. Various approaches like earned value management, earned schedule management, earned duration management, reference class forecasting, and exponential smoothing-based method. Further, the 4-D Building information modeling approach can increase clarity in communication and increase effective collaboration in the Indian construction industry to deliver the project efficient manner (Charlesraj and Dinesh, 2020). According to Tkhorikov, et. al. (2018), system approach and different logics for project management can be useful methodological approach which is presented in the figures below

Figure 1: Logics of project management in the public sector

Source: (Tkhorikov, et. al., 2018).

Figure 2: System approach in project management

Source: (Tkhorikov, et. al., 2018).

In the modern world, lean product development is the emerging manufacturing technology that consists of different practices like just in time, quality systems, production cells, etc., and lean is a vast concept that is based on various principles like value, value stream, flow, pull and perfection. Agile project management is a different type of project management approach in which all the processes in the project are open for continuous design, flexible scope, and continuous customer interaction, and anyone can modify the project team structure according to the work of the project. The construction project design stage is very important for the whole project because it can decide the timeline of the project and the cost of the project completion, so agile project management can reduce the miscommunication between the teams in the project work and help in developing a good design for the further work in the project (Albuquerque, et. al., 2019). Value engineering techniques are used in the Indian construction industry which is used in find the functional requirement of a site, and it also improves the value of the project, saving the cost and improving the quality of work (Gohil and Patel, 2018). According to Mohammed and Jasim (2017), Agile project management is the new project management approach that is used by different industries like software development, manufacturing industries and the automobile industry. Agile is referred to as the vivid or active show an agile project can change according to the needs of clients without massive changes in the engineering work. Agile project management can assist the project manager in responding to the change, and the project team can also prioritize the resources according to the requirement. With the help of this approach, the project manager can also respond to sudden market changes, and it can also maximize productivity and business with different practices. In addition, as per Sojan and Ajayakumar (2019), in the modern construction industry, Project Management is applied because the business world is changing day by day and its needs, drivers and requirements are also changed. According to it, it creates a big challenge for the project management team to change the scope, cost and time of the construction project. The complexity of the construction project is also increasing day by day, so project managers need a flexible and adaptable project management approach to deliver the different projects to the clients in a fast manner without compromising the quality of the work. The Indian construction industry is working towards making a sustainable supply chain for construction sites and construction projects. For sustainable supply chain management, various stakeholders of the construction industry have started practices like green procurement and purchasing, in which all the material, which is purchased for the construction work, can be reused and recyclable without impacting the environment. The reverse logistics approach is also so used by the Indian construction industry, which aims to reduce pollution and wastage at the construction site. The Indian construction industry is also working towards manpower sustainability so that all the workers should be skilled and have knowledge about different technologies (IIMM, 2017). Stakeholders of the Indian construction industry are working towards economical and social sustainability.

According to Erdogan, et. al. (2017) modern construction industry is facing issues related to the effective decision making of the project manager and the construction industry which is carrying out the construction work, so multi-criteria methods in the decision making of the construction management can be very effective. Multi-criteria decision-making refers to the decision-making process in the presence of different conflicting criteria, and each criterion can have different measuring units' quality characteristics and relative weight. In a construction project, the decision-making process should contain a few steps, which are the description of the problem statement, formation of alternatives, set of criteria systems, and calculation according to the model. However, Nanyam, et. al. (2017) stated that in India, the shortage of housing is the most increasing problem day by day, and it is identified that 13.7 million households live in the slums of the cities in India this figure is growing day by day. This massive problem cannot be tackled by traditional technologies in the construction industry, so effective management of different technologies is also important. In the construction industry of India, precast technology can be used in which different types of construction components are built at the factory area and transported to the construction site. These pre-casted components can be easily installed on the site it, and construction work can be easily finished, which will help the government to construct a large number of houses in a short duration. In the Indian construction industry, building information, modeling, and lean construction principles are used together the improvement of the construction process. This approach helps in clash detection at site and design, effective estimation of quantity along with 4d simulation, and one month ahead planning (Raol, et. al., 2020). According to Gusakova and Pavlov (2020), large scale construction projects are increasing day by day, and they are becoming a crucial part of the economy. In large-scale projects, various methods and management approaches can be used, which can be very beneficial for the project team. Various management processes and different phases are presented in figure 3.

Figure 3: Different approaches and practices in project management

Source: (Gusakova and Pavlov, 2020)

The role of the project manager is also very crucial in the successful management of the project because the project manager can give a new direction to the project with various skills. Project management can be successful with the help of different relations, and the project manager can create a good relationship by creating communication channels, developing trust, encouraging open communication, and increasing trust between team members relation can be maintained by listening to all the team members and respond accordingly (Meng and Boyd, 2017). The project manager and various approaches to project management can make the project successful.

2.6 Advantage of project management in the planning of construction projects

Construction project management helps the project team to manage the tasks easily, and fewer mistakes will occur due to the effective plan of the work. Construction project management can be beneficial for the construction industry or the client when a construction manager represents an owner and makes optimal decisions by using different industry knowledge for benefiting the project. Project management is referred to as the controlling and planning of the different resources to achieve the objectives of the project. In project management, a systematical approach is used for the management of different factors in the project (Pirju, 2018). In the modern world, sustainable construction can support the healthy economy of the country. Sustainable construction can accelerate the quality of life, and it will also not impact the environment. According to Larsson and Larsson (2020), various types of infrastructures are built in the world, which need a large number of materials and design specifications, so a high number of persons and stakeholders should be connected to the project work. In the modern world, collaborative business arrangements are capturing popularity, and it is referred to as the collaborative working of different stakeholders to achieve the goals of the project. This type of work can increase the efficiency of the planning of the project and the working of the project team. However, Larsson, et. al. (2018) stated that hard project management could be used to minimize the risk of delay and ensure the project's success. This approach can also be used to reduce the changes in the project and ensure the good performance of the project. This type of project management can also motivate the team members to work efficiently to achieve the goals of the project. According to Liu, et. al. (2020), in construction management, various event is involved, which are important for the construction of the building. Various important steps are registration of the land, technical specification development, project planning, design work, and construction management also consist of technical inspection and monitoring of the work, which makes the construction sustainable. Sustainable construction in the world is done by different companies, so effective management of construction can give a competitive advantage to the companies over the rivals in the market, and it will be very beneficial for the companies because they can get new contracts and generate more revenues. Project management can help the construction industry in reducing the total project cost because the construction manager can negotiate with different dealers who are selling their materials and develop realistic budgets. A construction manager can also reduce the cost of construction by using the materials efficiently and without wasting them. However, Callistus and Clinton (2018) stated that in the modern construction industry, monitoring and evolution are not done by every project manager during project work which affects the project performance. Monitoring and evaluation are very important in construction management because this consists of planning, controlling, leading staffing, and organizing the different activities and human resources for the achievement of project goals. Construction project management also assists the construction industry with the help of a qualified project team that can assist the construction manager at different phases of the work.

According Keshk, et. al. (2018) stated that in the management of the project, various management is involved like management of time, management of the budget, quality management, and risk management, which can provide an advantage to the project team, and project manager to reduce the delay and increase the efficiency of the work. The project manager is the person who is responsible for carrying out different operations of the project in the given timeline. The project manager also controls and monitors different tasks of the project. In addition, Al-Hajj and Zraunig (2018) explored that project management is very necessary for the construction project because, without the management of the project, it will exceed the timeline and budget without the achievement of the project goals. With the help of the project management, the project manager can design the project more efficiently because proper planning is needed in the project work; otherwise, it will be very challenging for the team to work on the project. According to Othman, et. al. (2017), construction projects are complex and prone to safety risks, so the project team needs to manage the risks of the work and create a safety management plan. In the construction project, various factors can affect the safety in the project like organizational safety policy, safety meetings, safety training and awareness, availability of the equipment, safety inspection, safety penalties, labour turnover rate, compliance with safety laws, and various safety measuring device so project management can help in reducing the risk of health. However, Dastyar, et. al. (2018) stated that the stakeholders don’t have complete knowledge about the different conditions and terms of the contracts, so various problems can occur in the project management. These issues can create problems and delays in the work. The construction industry also faces issues because of the use of weak management techniques, which can lead to less customer satisfaction and a reduction in the quality of the work. Project management of the construction work can increase customer satisfaction, and with the help of an effective communication plan in the team, all the stakeholders are aware of all the conditions of the project. Construction project management can also provide a central point of communication for the construction team and client, which can reduce the problem of miscommunication and different language barriers between workers. Construction project management can also help the project manager to enhance quality control and use large industry knowledge to audit the work done by the construction team and reduce the chances of defective work

2.7 Factors affecting project management of the construction industry

In the construction industry, various factors can affect the success and management of the project, whether it is a small-scale project or a large-scale project. In the Modern construction industry, different types of innovations and improvements are seen; however, Building Information Modelling is a very modern technology that can be adopted by different types of firms in Construction in India. Building Information Modelling can increase the quality of construction, improve the productivity of the workforce and increase the opportunities for new businesses. Business Information Modelling production can be influenced by technological factors, organizational structure, and environmental factors (Ahuja, et. al., 2020). According to Ogunde, et. al. (2017), implementation of project management is facing issues due to the lack of project management knowledge, lack of commitment from the leadership side, corruption in the system, and rigid structure of the industry. In addition, Dixit, et. al. (2017) stated that Project management in the construction industry of India is affected by the decision making of the stakeholders, planning of the managers, logistic and supply chain management, labour availability, budget and cash flow, improper construction methods, and different changes in the design. According to the study by Zidane and Anderson (2018) construction industry is the most valuable field in terms of providing growth to the economy of a country. The construction industry is facing the issues of time overrun, and project managers are unable to deliver the project in the estimated time. Most of the delays in the construction work are due to the improper planning of the contractor, oversight management, less experience of contractor, poor budget provided by the client, issues with subcontractors, shortage of resources, labour supply problems, unavailability of equipment, lack of communication, and heavy mistakes in the construction work. However, Owusu, et. al. (2019) stated that corruption could also be a big factor that can influence the project management of the construction project. Corruption in the construction industry is referred to as inappropriate working of the project authority at the different expenses of the project. Corruption in the construction project can occur during decision making on the claim’s tender evaluation project supervision and payment certificate issuance to the contractors. Project management of the construction project can affect by corruption at the different stages by the public clients or the private clients, regulatory authorities, legal advisors, financials, design consultants, contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers. According to Arditi, et. al. (2017), construction project management can be affected due to the organizational culture in which the project is carried out because organizational culture can create a delay in the project delivery, which is one of the most common problems in the construction industry. In India, delay in construction work is due to the organizational leadership and the market of the company. Other factors which affect the delay of project work in the construction industry are dominant characteristics, organizational leadership, employee management, strategic emphasis, overall construction organizational culture, and organizational glue. However, Singh and Warsi (2020) stated that in the Indian construction industry, different types of construction waste are also problematic for the project management team of the construction project because it increases the delay in the project delivery and reduces the quality of the project. In the construction project, different areas in the contracts and incomplete contract documents can create a waste of time. In the design stage of the project, different changes in the design, design complexity, design errors, unsuitable specifications, poor coordination, lack of attention, and lack of designer's experience in work can create a delay in the work.

According to Fathalizadeh, et. al. (2021), there are different barriers to the sustainable project management of the construction project, which are overlooking of the social and urban cultural context, poor accessibility of public services, high waste generation, unbalance use of energy, lack of support, less sustainability knowledge, and lack of knowledge management. In addition, Darabpour, et. al. (2018) stated that there is an inconsistency between the goals and activities of the various sectors. In the procurement stage of the construction project, different ordering errors over allowances, suppliers’ errors, and products without specifications can also create waste in the project management. Waste in the construction industry can also be caused at the stage of transportation because of damage to the products, the difficulties for the vehicles to access the location site, less protection during loading, and ineffective method of unloading (Singh and Warsi, 2020). According to Luo, et. al. (2017), different factors can influence the complexity of the project, like interdependencies on different technologies, overlapping of the work, project uncertainty, and design changes. These factors can also affect the management of the project. However, Hussain, et. al. (2018) demonstrated that various factors could affect the success of the project, which are stakeholder-related factors, construction-related factors, material-related factors, design-related factors, external factors, and quality factors in the work of the project. Different types of waste can also be caused by the on-site management and planning of the resources because of the improper planning of quantities, delays in the passing of information, lack of on-site material control, and lack of supervision at the site.

Chapter 3 Methodology

3.1 Introduction

Research methodology refers to the approach used for conducting research, or it can be said that the research methodology is the basic approach of the way in which research needs to be accepted. The research methodology consists of a system of beliefs and assumptions based on the philosophy that helps in shaping the understanding regarding the research questions and elaborates the choice of research procedures. Research methodology needed to be created step-by-step so that the methodology can be effective and the contingency between the steps can be created. As per Raithatha (2017), for effective research methodology, the research onion can be adopted for use, as the research onion model helps in developing the research methodology in a structured and systematic manner. The research onion presents a layer-by-layer or stage-by-stage description, which can be opted for the effective formulation of the research methodology. The research onion consists of 6 main layers are philosophy, research approach (approach for developing theory), research choice (methodological choice), time horizon, research plan, techniques, and procedures that consist of data collection process as well as data analysis (Melnikovas, et. al., 2018). Each of the steps has an integral role in the development of the research methodology. Research philosophy is there in the onion for the formation of the basis of the research by the explanation of ontology and epistemology. The research approach or approach for theory development helps in developing theory for the research, and the approach consists of deduction, abduction, and induction. At the same time, the research choice or methodology choice is useful in determining the use of the quantitative and qualitative methods or other mixed methods. The research strategy is for the collection and analyzing data. At the same time, the time horizon is termed as the period dedicated to data mining, especially the time frame for data collection. Techniques and procedures include the data collection procedures and data analysis technique.

3.2 Research design

Research design is the plan for supervising the research procedure by positioning how the study travels from the research resolution or research question to the findings (Abutabenjeh and Jaradat, 2018). Research design is termed as a comprehensive process of planning for gathering information and analyzing the collected information. The research process has major three stages question-posing, data collection to answer the proposed questions, and to present answers to the question. The research is based on the formulation of the research questions, and research questions are farmed as per the research topic project management practices. Formulating research questions, collecting data relevant to the research questions, and analyzing data for answering questions are fundamental to the presented research. Abutabenjeh and Jaradat (2018) have demonstrated three approaches to research design and the approaches are Babbie’s framework for design, O’Sullivan’s framework for design, and Creswell’s framework for design. Babbie’s framework for design has seven stages starting from the purpose of the study, conceptualization, research methods, operationalization, sampling, Data processing, and analysis. On the other hand, O’Sulliban’s framework for design offers six stages that are data collection, measuring variables, sampling, contact subject, plan or data analysis, and presenting findings. Creswell’s framework consists of philosophical worldviews, research procedures, and strategies of inquiry. Research design has its dependent on the research methods and type of data collected for the research.

3.3 Research Philosophy

Research philosophy provides the facility for the researcher the identification of the research problems or for understanding the implementation of the research data (Fulford and Hodgson, 2016). Whereas Ryan (2018) has demonstrated research philosophy as the belief through which the research through which researcher has conducted research, and the belief is adopted as a guide for designing, collecting, and analyzing data. In research, data collection and data analysis possess great importance as the objective of the research can be met only by identifying the findings. Research philosophy is based on axiology, ontology, epistemology, and; ontology describes the nature of reality, whereas epistemology describes nature as well as sources of facts, and axiology defines the ethics, values, and belief of the research. Positivism, interpretivism, and critical theory are the three major types of research philosophy. Positivism is associated with quantitative research and experiments. Ontology, in the case of positivism, has a belief that the facts are there which can be proved, observation or the present measurements reality, and reality is all over the same. Whereas interpretivism is associated with qualitative research and argues that the truth, as well as knowledge, are subjective. With the help of interpretivism, qualitative data can be handled, and theory can be generated, while positivism is all about quantitative research, which involves the examination of the statistical data. For the presented research, positivism research philosophy is used as the research is based on the research questions. Also, positivism concentrates on the research questions. The most effective benefit of positivism is that positivism aims toward the reduction of complexity for simplification and control of the variables (Alharahsheh and Pius, 2020). Positivism also helps the researcher to discover the facts as well as regularities that can be measured and observed.

3.4 Research approaches

The research approach is the contextual framework used by the researcher that the wide assumptions associated with the methods of collecting data, analyzing data, and interpreting the findings or outcomes. The choice of the research approach is grounded on the data type and outcome needed, as, by the application of the inductive research approach, data is used for generating theories. Whereas in the case of the deductive research approach, theories are converted into data for testing of theories are performed to obtain findings or outcomes. According to Azungah (2018), qualitative research has two approaches inductive approach and the deductive approach. Research is either based on the hypothesis or grounded on the research questions depending on the availability of the literature. As per Moeed and Cooney (2021), the inductive research approach is supportive of conducting research based on the research questions, and data collection is also based on the research questions. Here for the research, research questions are framed on the basis of the research topic of project management practices in the construction sector, so the inductive approach is taken into use. Farming research questions relevant to the research topic provides numerous benefits like the research based on the research questions will lead to the occurrence of findings or outcomes which will help in meeting the objectives of the research. Both the approaches, inductive and deductive, have various benefits, but the approaches are selected as per the requirement, like whether theories are needed to be developed, and theories are needed to be tested for the research.

3.5 Research strategies

Research strategies refer to the systematic procedure which helps in the selection of the method of data collection or methods for responding to the research questions so that the objectives of the research can be met (Melnikovas, et. al., 2018). Based on the nature of the data collection technique and data analysis, research strategies are of various types. The research strategies are experimental research, action or archival research, ethnography, case study research, and grounded theory. Experimental research is referred to the data collection method by the experiment performed in a controlled environment such as a lab. Whereas action or archival research is undertaken by the practical arrangement, and the major attention is on the contestants as well as an interaction, by this strategy, qualitative data is obtained. In action research, the data collection is based on the interaction of the participants to obtain qualitative data. Case study research is based on the in-depth study of the case study based on a single subject, and grounded theory strategy is referred to the generation of new theory with the help of the available data. Ethnography research strategy refers to the arrangement in which participants are allowed to make a discussion on a topic and based on the discussion, and an observation is made to collect data. With the help of the ethnography research plan, qualitative as well as quantitative data can be obtained. The selection of the research strategy is made grounded on the type of data required for the research and the availability of the source of data. As the research is based on the development of the theory with the help of the data collected for the research, the grounded theory research strategy is used. Grounded theory is considered to be appropriate with the qualitative data and inductive research approach.

3.6 Research choice

Research choice defines the type of data used for the research as there is a chance of the use of a single type of data, both the data type and mixed form of data. According to Vizcarguenaga-Aguirre and López-Robles (2020), research choice is of three types mono method, mixed-method and multi-method. The data type has a significant role in the research and is based on the requirement of the research or availability of data, and the methods are selected to be used. The mono method is concentrated on the use of only a single style of data, whether qualitative data or else quantitative data, that can be used for the research. Using a single data type for the research offers benefits like less time are required for data collection, and data collection is less expensive as well as less complex. Benefits are with the mon method as there is no requirement of collecting multi-data type and hence the expense is less as well as less time frame is required for data collection making the research less complex. The mixed-method refers to the use of both the data type that is qualitative data, as well as quantitative data, is used for the research. Making use of qualitative data and quantitative data makes the research more effective. The use of both data type benefits in growing the trust of the person who reads. On the other hand, multi-method is referred to the use of both types of data but in a fixed proportion. That is, qualitative data is taken into use in a fixed proportion, and the rest of the proportion is left over for qualitative data use. For the presented research, qualitative data is collected based on the research questions, and after the collection of the research articles, the literature review is conducted. The Mono method is used for the research due to the availability of qualitative data.

3.7 Time horizon

Time horizon specifies the time frame for the data collection point of time of data collection as per the requirement of the data for the research. Research requires a different type of data collected from different sources, and hence this creates the need for data collection at a different stage of the research. Time horizon is of two types longitudinal as well as cross-sectional; longitudinal refers to data gathering at multiple time points, whereas cross-sectional refers to the data collected at a single point of time. Depending on the data type and research time horizon is selected as many research needs multiple types of data for research, then longitudinal type time horizon is used. But the multiple data types can also be gathered at a single point time, and a single type of data can be collected at multiple points in time. A longitudinal time horizon is used when the research is directed for a long time, but the cross-sectional time horizon is used when the research is performed in a short time or the research needs data in a short time. During the research, qualitative data is gathered at a single point in time, so a cross-sectional time horizon is used.

3.8 Data collection

Data collection is the technique of gathering data, and the technique includes secondary and primary data sources through which the qualitative and quantitative data are obtained (Sileyew, 2019). Through the primary data source, qualitative and quantitative data can be obtained; the qualitative sources are informal discussion, document analysis, and observation. Quantitative data sources are interviews and surveys, and interview refers to the 1-on-1 discussion happening between the interviewer and interviewee. Whereas survey refers to the data collection by presenting a set of questions, offline and online are two ways of conducting the survey. As per Couper (2017) survey involves a set of questions that can be asked via the internet, and this survey is termed a web-based model of data collection. However, the exception with the survey is that qualitative data and quantitative data can be collected. Informal discussion is the method in which participants and interviewer make a discussion in an informal way. In the observation method, participants are allowed to make interactions, and the interaction is closely observed to collect data. Document analysis refers to the analysis of the existing text; that is, research articles can be used in the analysis of the documents. In this research, secondary data collection techniques are utilized, and research articles are used as a source of data. According to Olabode, et. al. (2019), it offers a major advantage that from existing data, a large volume of data can be obtained and the data collection in case of secondary data becomes easy as well as less costly process. Research articles relevant to the research topic of project management practices in the construction sector of India. Research articles are taken from open and valid sources like springers, IEEE, research gates, and science direct are used. As for data collection, pre-existing text, that is, research articles is used, so document analysis is selected for the data collection. The research articles taken in use are capable of providing adequate data that can help in obtaining specific results, and based on the results, a more precise conclusion can be drawn.

3.9 Data analysis

For meeting the objectives of the research, the most important part is analyzing the collected data to obtain findings or to answer the research questions. Data analysis is defined as the systematic process used for inspection, processing, as well as analysis of the collected data set. Data analysis has two types, qualitative data analysis and quantitative data analysis. The division in the data analysis is grounded on the kind of data processing. Quantitative analysis refers to the application of the mathematical model to develop an understanding of the nature of data. Quantitative analysis includes inferential statistics and descriptive statistics, and descriptive statistics is the method of understanding the data's nature, whereas the inferential statistics method refers to understanding the relationship between the data and the process of comparison used. Qualitative data is for analyzing data by creating themes, and it includes narrative analysis, grounded theory, content analysis, thematic analysis, and interpretive phenomenological analysis. As per Basias and Pollalis (2018), qualitative research offers a number of benefits, like it supporting researchers in understanding the nature as well as the complexity of the phenomena and favours the in investigating the phenomenon in the natural environment. Thematic analysis is the procedure of data analysis based on the theme created by the use of gathered data (Castleberry and Nolen, 2018). Thematic analysis is used for analyzing data in the research as the theme is generated with the help of collected data during the research. Thematic analysis is a data analysis process or strategy, which is a common approach used across qualitative designs. The respective analysis method is termed the method of identifying, reporting patterns and analyzing the data. Thematic analysis is used as the analysis is termed a descriptive method, which reduces the data in a flexible way that joins with other data analysis methods. Thematic analysis is used due to the use of the research questions, and the analysis method helps in addressing the research questions.

3.10 Limitation

The research has focused on the use of qualitative research, but if quantitative research has been used, then the research would have better quality and validity. Qualitative data is taken into use for the research, so if the research has the involvement of quantitative data, then it would have given more precise results.

3.11 Ethical consideration

Ethical considerations are helpful in making the research risk-free and in increasing the quality of the research. As per Suri (2020), ethical considerations motivate researchers to provide evidence of the writing which increases the quality of the research. As the research uses research articles so, it is important to have a proper in-text citation to offer credit to the original owner of the research article. The next consideration is making use of the relevant research articles so that adequate data can be gathered and the research can be made effective. The research questions taken in use for the research should be relevant or as per the objectives of the research so that they can help in providing adequate answers. Adequate answers help in meeting the objective of the research.

Chapter 4 Result

Construction projects are considered to be complex due to the wide range of activities involved in the construction project, and this complexity is considered to be the reason for many issues in the construction projects. To solve the complexity of the tasks, project management practices are used, and the reason behind the selection of the project management practice is that it consists of planning, organizing activities, and resource handling. The critical success factor is one of the major approaches under project management for the reduction of failure and but the implementation of the critical success factor is also a challenge. The next problem is with the decision-making for which the fuzzy DEMATEL, as well as ANP, can be applied to make the decision-making effective and favourable for the project. These processes are also effective in the implementation of the critical success factors and solving arising due to the implementation of the critical success factors. A number of factors, the leadership transformation and management of the operations are two major factors that affect the performance of the construction industry. For managing the factors that impact the project performance, human resource management, knowledge management, and behavior management are the theories which are used by construction companies. Another factor to be controlled is accidents at the construction sites, and controlling can be only done by the implementation of the plan. Accidents have a major impact on the life cycle of the project, and PDCA helps in overcoming the impact. PDCA not only helps in managing the life cycle but also helps in increasing the quality, decreasing the risk occurrence, minimizing the failure rate, and hence increasing the overall performance of the project. As the construction project has various activities so there are challenges in various stages of the project. Identifying the customer needs, preparing the product development plan, and executing the plan also brings challenges, these challenges can be solved on the basis of the resources, and the stage-gate approach is termed as an effective managing the resources. Along with this, conflict is also an issue in the construction project, and in case of conflict, the PMDC framework can be applied to manage the conflict. The role of the project management practice is in resolving the issues and challenges with the decision-making, understanding the customer need, implementing the project plan, conflicts, and other miss-happening with the construction project.

Practices or approaches used in construction industry

Construction projects involve a wide variety of activities, and this becomes a strong reason for the adaptation of the management practices and approaches. Adoption becomes important due to the occurrence of the challenges and issues with the construction project. The overall impact of the challenges is clearly seen on the life cycle of the project, and the need for an approach or framework urges which can improve the life cycle of the project. Building information Modelling serves the task of improving the life cycle of the project by generating essential information about the project. The selection of the approach or framework is depended on the type of challenges or the motive. A construction project involves the use of practices or approaches like interpretive structure modeling, MICMAC analysis, green supply chain management, investment activity management, and managerial activity management. All these approaches have the overall motive of improving the project life cycle as well as the overall performance of the project by means of improving decision-making, increasing the efficiency of the project, and effectiveness in the management of the physical infra, demand, and supply.

Project management practices are known for influencing the construction project, and a mixed type of impact has been seen on the construction project. The mixed type of impact is seen on the project as the approaches or practices bring improvement, and some produce some new challenges. Challenges occur during the implementation of the project management practices due to the incapability of the project team or the leadership of the organization. However, the majority of the practices have shown a positive impact on the project. During the construction project, the most important task is to set up effective communication in the project development team, and in the way of communication, kick-off meeting proves to be favourable. Communication not only solves or restricts various types of challenges and helps in the smooth performance of the project. The project management practices provide a range of management facilities which include risk management, quality management, resource management, etc. The respective management practices help in the improvement of the project and project life cycle along with the quality of the project. However, it has been seen that the construction projects are highly affected by conflicts and the deficiency in the project budget. Project management practices have a positive impact on conflict resolution through the implementation of the plan, which helps in reducing the flow of misinformation within the team. The same is with the financial deficiency in which project management help; the management practices help in providing financial discipline. All the overall impact of the practices leads to the improvement in the project life, quality, and other aspects. This reflects that the objective of the implementation of the management practice is fulfilled.

4.2 Impact of construction industry of Indian economy

The construction industry has made a great contribution to the Indian economy and to the development of the infrastructure. The seriousness of the construction project’s contribution to the development of the country has created a need that project completion should be ensured. Although the construction project has different levels of complexity, and due to this different approaches can be used for overcoming the impact of the complexity on the construction project. Among all the approaches sustainable project management approach is considered to be efficient in overcoming the challenges of the construction project and adding value to the construction project. Sustainable project management includes different dimensions like corporate practice and policies, resource management, organizational learning, stakeholder engagement, and life cycle orientation. For a project manager, the common problem is with the planning, which includes the complete scheduling of the project, and its dependency is on the skills as well as knowledge of the project team. Managing the project team, which is involved in the construction, monitoring the work and creating easiness in the planning are two important aspects. For this, there are various approaches that can be used, approaches as earned value management, earned duration management, exponential smoothing-based method, earned schedule management, and reference class forecasting can be used. Indian construction also has the issue of communication and collaboration, for which a 4-D building information modeling approach is commissioned for managing the issues with the communication and collaboration in the Indian construction projects. The respective approach helps in making the communication as well as collaboration effective and delivering the project efficiently. Value engineering techniques are also popular in the Indian construction industry that helps in obtaining the functional requirement at a site and helps in adding value to the project by the application of cost management, saving cost, and improving the quality of the project. The Indian construction industry is heading towards the adaptation of the sustainable supply chain and making the processes as well as workforce sustainable.

4.3 Project management approache used in construction industry

The need for project management has emerged in construction projects due to the level of complexity in it. Project management works as control over the process, planning and managing different resources for meeting the objective of the project. Sustainable construction can enhance the quality of life and infra development, which have the least impact on the environment. Sustainable construction makes use of materials, which have less impact on the environment, and the design of the building is also kept green and environment friendly. Project management is not only limited to increase of the efficiency of the construction project, but it is also favourable for bringing effectiveness in the process of planning, leading staff, human resources, controlling, and other activities required for meeting the objective of the construction project. The construction project has a wide range of management activities involved it, and so it becomes crucial to apply the approach to time management, budget management, risk management, and quality management. These management activities help in improving the overall performance of project development tasks and increase the efficiency of the project. The project manager also takes help from the project management in managing the team and increasing the safety at the site.

In India, the construction firms are moreover dependent on technology like Building Information Modelling for the improvement of quality in construction, production, and increasing opportunities. The respective technology is successful in making the improvement as technology is highly influenced by technological factors, environmental factors, and organizational factors. However, there are still some factors that affect the construction industry in India, such as factors such as the decision of the stakeholders, logistics, labor availability, improper construction methods, supply chain management, and sudden change in design. These factors are creating a lot of rush in the construction projects and somehow affecting the efficiency of the project management. Project managers involved in the construction projects have also marked some of the issues due to a number of factors. One of the major factors affecting project management is corruption, and it has been found that corruption at different stages affects and pitting its a negative impact on the construction project. However, it is also observed that project management is also affected by the dominant characteristics, employee management, overall construction organizational culture, organizational leadership, and organizational glue. Project management needed to be applied in an independent environment and away from the influence of the organization or organizational officials.

Chapter 5 Discussion

Construction projects have a great contribution to the development of the country and in providing opportunities for jobs. In India, construction project contributes to the economy, and this contribution makes construction project important with respect to infrastructural development and employment. However, construction projects have to face various problems due to a number of factors in which the lack of professional practices is the most prominent factor. As per Dixit, et. al. (2017) construction industry provides employment to 41 million people in India but at the same time, construction projects face various problems due to low productivity, delay in project completion, and insufficiency of professional practices in the construction project. Whereas, according to Akinosho, et. al. (2020) construction industry has involvement in various management practices, which help in managing the timeline as well as the quality of the construction project. Resource planning, risk management, and logistic planning are the major practices that are responsible for the improvement of the overall performance of the construction project. However, Demirkesen and Ozorhon, (2017) have demonstrated that the integration of the various processes as well as people can result in the increment in the quality and efficiency of the construction project work. The need for the construction project has gone high due to the need for infrastructure, and the construction project has a positive impact on infrastructural development.

5.1 Role of project management practices in the construction industry

Project management is the advanced management practice that includes planning, organizing activities, and resource handling, which provide facilities that improve the productivity and efficiency of various operations involved in the project. The objective was to disclose the Role of project management practices in the construction industry. In addition, Mavi and Standing (2018) have illustrated that critical success factors are applied for the reduction of failures in the construction industry. DEMATEL (decision making and evaluation laboratory) and ANP (analytic network process) are the approaches that are used for resolving the problem with the decision making. On the other hand, Gemünden, et. al. (2018) have discussed the approach for improving the performance of the construction project and stated that the project-oriented approach had been adopted for improving the project performance. The approach focuses on the value segments, structure, and people that are considered the major factor for the increase in the project's success. Whereas, as to Chen (2019), for the improvement of the performance of the project, quality management is a major approach. Quality management includes the analysis of the design, accidents management, and drawing; by this analysis, the problem with the quality is obtained. At the same time, the adaptation of the PDCA (plan, do check, and action) cycle is also favourable for enhancing the overall performance of the construction project. By the management of the quality standards, the failure of the project is reduced. The next problematic condition is due to the fluctuation of the customer’s demand. According to Cooper and Sommer (2018), market trend analysis team morale and analysis of the customer’s needs are the major issues that affect the overall performance of the project. In addition, Heigermoser, et. al. (2019) Building Information Modelling (BIM) is effective in improving the performance of the construction project against all the odds. Construction projects have problems or issues due to the wide variety of services involved in the construction project, and this becomes the reason for the project failure as well. For fighting back the challenges with the construction project, the project management approaches can be applied.

5.2 Analysis of management practices and Approaches used in the construction industry

In construction projects, it has been seen that the problems arise due the poor planning, scheduling of the project activities, and poorly skilled workforce involvement. This becomes the prime reason for the occurrence of the issues with the project life cycle. The objective was to review the management practices and Approaches used in the construction industry. As per Ma, et.al. (2018), the management of the operational activities can be helpful for improving the life cycle of the project. The author has also discussed the role of the Building Information Modelling project management approach in improving the life cycle of the construction project. The problem with the project life cycle is not only the problem with the construction project. In addition to the problems and issues Dandage, et. al. (2018) have written about issues like least management support, cultural difference, and formal training, which are common issues with the construction project. At the same for resolving the mentioned issues, interpretive structure modeling and matrix-based multiplication analysis (MICMAC) are applied. However, the need for improvement in the overall performance of the construction project is required. In the case of the overall performance Wibowo, et. al. (2018) have demonstrated that green supply chain management which is capable in the improvement of the overall project performance. By the application of green supply chain management, the construction industry can manage the physical infrastructure, demand, and supply. The monitoring of the factors is useful for the management of the factors that are likely to have a positive impact on the project. At the same time, the construction project has many other issues with waste management, environmental impact, carbon efficiency, and energy management. Green supply chain management can handle the mentioned issues. Other than this, as per Maskuriy, et. al. (2019), for the management of the activities during the construction project, managerial activity management and investment activity management has their role. Whereas Prasad, et. al. (2019) have talked about the different issues with the construction project in India, the issues are associated with power and irrigation. Country-wise, the issues with the construction projects are different, but on average, there are some common problems with the planning, scheduling, analysis of customer demand and similar types of factors. BIM, MICMAC, and green supply chain management are some of the management approaches used for resolving the problems in the construction project.

5.3 Effect of project management practices on the construction industry of India

Indian construction projects also have issues and need practices in project management. Project management involves a number of activities, which are helpful in the planning, budgeting, and management of the activities. The objective was focused on obtaining the effect of project management practices on the construction industry of India. As per Tereso, et. al. (2019), project charter and kick-off meetings are for the project initiation process. Whereas practices like project scope statement, work breakdown structure, activity list preparation, and requirement analysis are effective practices for project planning. Whereas Banigashemi, et. al. (2017) have demonstrated that the involvement of the client during the identification stage, health and safety management practices and evaluation process is suitable for increasing the efficiency of the project. Customer involvement helps in determining the demand of the customer, and from this, the chance of change in the ongoing project decreases and hence the efficiency of the construction project is increased. However, the problem is not only with the project time; the problem arises with the contract of the construction project. In addition, Bonanomi, et. al. (2019) project management practices are used in the case of multiparty contract arrangements like validity study, joint decision-making process, joint liability, joint decision-making, and integrated designs. The management practices mentioned above are useful in the reduction of the complexity occurring during the construction project. However, Njau and Omwenga (2019) have stated the role of the project planning officer in the designing and monitoring process of the construction project. It becomes the responsibility of the project planning officer to make the involvement of the relevant stakeholders in the designing and monitoring of the project. The other debatable topic in the construction project is risk management. According to Crispim, et. al. (2019), risk management practices also have a significant role in the project's success as risk management helps in delivering an effective plan for the management of the risk with the construction project. Productivity and efficiency of work have contributed to the construction industry and hence require strong management practice. In addition to productivity and work efficiency, Demirkesen and Ozorhon (2017) have stated that the integrated management of the project can produce effective results, which can have a positive impact on productivity as well as work efficiency.

5.4 Project management approaches used by the construction industry of India

Project management practices have been proved to have a positive impact on the construction project resulting in an increment in the project performance and an increase in the efficiency of the construction project. The objective was to inquire about the project management approaches used by the construction industry of India. As per Armenia, et. al. (2019) sustainable project management approach has gained a lot of popularity due to the dimensions like organizational learning, stakeholder engagement, and resource management. The respective approach has added value to the construction project and is successful in putting a positive impact on the overall project performance. Whereas as to Lai and Yang (2019), approaches like earned value management, earned duration management, exponential smoothing-based method, and earned scheduling management are some of the major approaches in the case of schedule management. However, according to Charlesraj and Dinesh (2020), for Indian construction projects 4-D Building information modeling approach is favourable and helps in the delivery of the project in an efficient way. Whereas, as per Tkhorikov, et. al. (2018), for the logic of the project management in the public sector, the system approach is useful and helps in the integration of the project management. The most vibrating need of the Indian construction project is knowing the requirements, and as per Gohil and Patel (2018), value engineering techniques are used for obtaining the functional requirements at the construction sites. On the other hand, the approach is also helpful in improving the value of the project, improving the quality of work, and cost-saving. However, the decision-making is still is a problematic situation for the construction project, so this also needs an effective approach. In addition to this Erdogan, et. al. (2017) have demonstrated multi-criteria methods for the process of decision-making as the construction project involves the use of different processes. The high need for project management can be concurred by the writing of Nanyam, et. al. (2017), approx. 13.7 million households live in slums due to the shortage of houses and shortage of affordable housing options. Construction projects are more important for developing countries as infrastructural development plays an important role in the development of the country, and the same is with India. This reflects that project management is playing a crucial role in the construction industry of India.

5.5 Advantages of project management in the planning of construction projects

Adaptation of the management practice depends on the advantages that the management practices are offering, so it is important to explore the advantage of the different management practices. Whereas project management becomes more important in the case of the construction project as the construction project involves a wide range of materials, designs, people, stakeholders, and services. The writing focused on finding the advantage of project management in the planning of construction projects. As per Larsson, et. al. (2018), hard project management provides the benefit of minimizing the risk of delay and ensuring the good performance of the construction project. The respective approach helps in reducing the changes in the project, and hence the risk is reduced. Whereas as per Keshk, et. al. (2018), approaches like time management, quality management, budget management, and risk management are also beneficial in terms of reducing the project delay and enhancing the efficiency of the project. However, Al-Hajj and Zraunig (2018) stated that project management is important for the construction project as in the absence of the project management, the budget and timeline of the projected increase and hence it restricts the project from meeting its goal. Project management gives the opportunity to the project manager to uphold the project design more efficiently, and hence the challenge for the project team is decreased. Whereas Othman, et. al. (2017) project management practices help in making the project less complex and free from risk. Complexity in the project and risk occurrence are the reasons for the delay and defect in the construction project that leads to the addition of extra cost to the construction project. The overall effect of the project management on the construction is found to be positive and helps the construction project completion.

5.6 Analysis of the factors affecting project management of the construction industry

Implementation of the project management is also a challenging part of the construction project as the construction includes various stakeholders and various services. The objective was to review the factors affecting project management in the construction industry. As per Ogunde, et. al. (2017), implementing project management becomes challenging due to a lack of sufficient knowledge of the project management in the officials responsible for the implementation of the project management. The rigid structure of the construction industry, poor commitment of the leadership, and corruption in the system are also some of the major factors that make the process more challenging. Whereas, as per Dixit, et. al. (2017), in India, the project management of the construction project got highly affected by the decision taken by the stakeholders, logistics, planning of managers, budget, improper construction methods, and supply chain management. These factors have a direct impact on the performance of the construction project and hence affect the performance of the construction project. In addition, Zidane and Anderson (2018) have written about the factors like time overrun, which affect project planning and make on-time project completion a challenging part for the project manager. Whereas Owusu, et. al. (2019) has constituted corruption as the major factor that affects project management and creates problem in the way of the project management of the construction project. Corruption affects the project management of the construction project at different levels like regulatory authority, contractors, suppliers, financials, subcontractors, and design consultants. On the other hand, Arditi, et. al. (2017), organizational culture is one of the major factors that affect project management and has become the most prominent reason for the delay in the construction project. Whereas in India, the organizational leadership affects the construction project and leads to the delay in the project. However, some other factors affect project management. According to Singh and Warsi (2020), in Indian construction, construction waste also affects project management as waste leads to delays in project delivery and a reduction in the quality of construction. Whereas Fathalizadeh, et. al. (2021) have demonstrated different factors that affect project management and in the series of factors, poor accessibility of public services, unbalance use of energy, and lack of project management knowledge are prominent factors. Implementation of the project management practices solves the complexity of the construction project and increases different variant factors of the project like the quality of work and satisfaction of the customers. However, at the same time, a number of factors like leadership, insufficient knowledge, construction waste, and corruption also affect management.

Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendation

6.1 Conclusion

Project management has been referred to as the management of various activities carried out to achieve the objectives of the project work. The construction industry had been an important sector that contributes to the economy of the nation. The infrastructure of the country also depended on the performance of the construction sector of the country. The research work aimed to understand the contribution of the various project management practices which were used in the construction industry and to analyze the advantage and disadvantages of various project management practices in the success of the Indian construction industry. The analysis of the effect, impact, and benefits of the various project management practices on the Indian construction industry was presented in the research work. Various project management practices related to planning, meetings, and communication can help the manager in managing all the work effectively. Various quality management practices could assist in reducing quality issues in work at the construction site. Different project management approaches used by the various construction companies along with their phases were presented in the research work. Building information modeling was the advanced approach to project management that could assist the project team in managing all the tasks of the project smoothly. Various obstacles and constraints were also presented in the research, which prevent the firms in the construction industry from adopting the project management techniques. The lack of project management knowledge was a big obstacle, along with a traditional, rigid and corrupted system of construction which prevented the adoption of the management practices. The analysis of various factors was also presented in the research work, which affects the project management capability of the Indian construction industry. The construction industry of India was facing various issues related to the project, like budget and time overruns of the project and problems related to corruption in the systems. The organizational culture could also create a major impact on the management of the project and the delivery time of the project. The leadership of the organization was also a big factor in adopting various project management practices because all the employees followed the decisions which were taken by the leaders of businesses. The project management practices assist the construction company in reducing the quality issues, defects in the structure, fear of miscommunication, budget overrun, and time overrun problems. All the stakeholders could be managed with the help of the integration of various tasks with the help of project management practices.

6.2 Recommendations

Agile project management is an advanced management approach in which various tasks can be modified according to the need of the market and project. Agile project management can reduce the rigidity of planning and inefficiency in the construction project. The flexibility in project management can assist managers in reducing the complexity of the tasks. Building information modeling is an advanced approach for managing the construction project, which can assist the project team in maintaining the quality and reducing the defects from work. This project management approach also assists in maintaining effective communication between all the bodies of the project team. The collaborative approach of project management can assist the various companies in the construction industry work along with different companies. Working with different companies will assist in improving the speed of the work, and collaboration of the knowledge can also assist in improving the quality of the work. Implementation of lean practices in the construction industry will assist in reducing the issue of delay in work, unavailability of the material, and inefficiency of the quality control procedure in the construction industry. Lean implementation can also increase integration in the processes of the construction industry

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Project Management Practices in India's Construction Industry

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.0 Background