Drug Use in UK Adolescents: Effects, Treatments, and Prevention

HSSM70

MSC IN NURSING DISSERTATION

Research Report

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Abstract

As per the study of previous studies, it has been identified that the consumption of the drug is increasing rapidly in the form of cocaine, heroin, marijuana and methamphetamines. Apart from this, the consumption of drugs among adolescents is also enhancing globally. Moreover, drug usage among adolescents has become a major concern in the UK. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate drug usage in adolescents in the UK. Further, the study was also focused on the effect of drug usage on the health of adolescents as well as the methods that can help adolescents to recover from the effect of drug usage. Secondary data was collected from gathering information related to the selected topic. For the collection of appropriate data, previous articles, papers and research were considered that help in obtaining relevant information and facts. After the collection of data, a systematic review was conducted that provided significant knowledge for the study. In addition, Prisma and CASP tools were also considered to extract that data for conducting the study. The study has been offered the effect of drug usage among adolescents with the treatment methods that can provide a better solution to improve the lives of drug users. Apart from this, the study also offers knowledge to the reader about drug usage in the UK and how adolescents are affected by this.

Introduction

Adolescence is a critical phase of the lifetime of any person who can easily initiate or get into the habit of the risk behaviour. The common drug use among adolescents is the availability of legal and illicit drugs, and it is observed that male adolescents are more into drug consumption (Buelga, et. al., 2020). The aim of this work is to analyze the uses of the drug in adolescents. Drug usage is termed a risky behaviour as drug usage has health issues as its consequences, and users have risk factors associated with biological, social, and psychological terms. Data related to the adolescent using the drug is available that shows that with the increase of age, drug consumption becomes a habit, and adolescents start using the drug regularly. The adolescent who has used drug for a single time is 0.8% adolescent with age 11 years, 1.8% adolescent with age 12 years, 2.6% with age 13 years, 3.5% adolescent with age 14 years, and 3.6% of age 15 years (Statista Research Department, 2020). Adolescents with the age of 15 years have the highest percentage in the segment who have used drugs once, and the same is continued for more than 10 occasions. The percentage of adolescents that agreed that they had used drugs for more than 10 occasions are 0.5%, 0.6%, 1.8%, 3.5%, and 6.1% with the age of 11 years, 12 years, 13 years, 14 years, and 15 years respectively. The data presented is based on the survey conducted by the Statista research department, the survey included adolescents with age between 11 to 15 years, and a total of 12,174 responses got collected. Due to drug consumption, various mental health and other disorders arise. As per the data presented by Stewart (2021) total of 195 adolescent under 16 has been admitted to hospitals because of mental health issue and behaviour disorders created by drug usage. But, the distributing figure is that 2152 young people aged 25-34 years got admitted to hospitals due to similar reasons, and drug consumption habit is constituted in the early stage of life that is Adolescence. This figure demonstrates how drug usage in Adolescence is risky as the livelihood of drug usage increases with the increase in age.

Aim

The aim of the work is to investigate drug use in adolescents in the UK.

Objectives

• To investigate drug usage in adolescents.

• To study the drug's effect on the adolescent's health and life.

• To study the approaches used for making society and adolescents drug-free.

• To study the treatments used for recovery from substance use disorder.

Research questions

RQ 1 What is the drug usage rate in adolescents?

RQ 2 How is drug usage affecting the health of the adolescent?

RQ #3 What are the approaches used for making drug free society?

RQ 4 What can be the treatment for substance or drug use disorder?

RQ 5 How does motivational therapy encourage adolescents to reduce drug consumption?

Rationale

Drug use by adolescents is increasing because of various reasons. An increase in drug use is harming the physical and mental condition of adolescents and also has an influence on their social life of the adolescents. According to the finding of the Crime Survey for England and Wales from 2017-to 2018, cannabis use or the livelihood of cannabis use is more in the late teens (Public Health England, 2018). From 2008 to 2009, 24,053 young one aged between 12 to 18 years received treatments for substance use disorder, 16,436 in 2016-17, and 15,583 in 2017-2018. However, the number of cannabis users has increased between 2005 to 2018. As per Houtepen, et. al. (2020), 16.1% of 17 years old young are involved in drug use, and 45% got a habit of drug use because of the habit of smoking. This reflects that somehow the reason for the drug usage is the habit of smoking which later converts to the habit of cannabis use.

On the other hand, many adolescents also have agreed that they got a habit of drugs or cannabis due to the locality and praise from young ones of their age group. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has also talked about the reasons adolescents are getting into a habit of drug use. UNODC illustrated that cognitive, psychological, and biological transitions are key reasons why adolescents are getting into the habit of drug use (UNODC, 2022). Other than this, the major problem with drug use is that the parents and adolescents are unaware of the treatments through which adolescents can get rid of the habit of drug use or recover from substance use disorder. Hoffenberg, et. al. (2018) have written about marijuana use by adolescents and found that adolescents using marijuana have inflammatory bowel disease. Whereas Baiden, et. al. (2020) have specified that drug use by adolescents is developing ideation of suicide, and drug use is termed as a prime reason for the suicide attempt by adolescents. The research presented here is focused on the investigation of drug use by adolescents, the effect of drug use, the reason for the increase in the trend, treatments, and campaigns. Hence, the significance of the research can be understood from the point that the research will help adolescents understand the ill effects of the drug. The research will also gain knowledge about the treatments that can help adolescents recover from the disorders of drug usage or help them quit the habit of drug use.

Drug Usage by adolescents in the UK

The modernization with development in sectors has improved the nations and nation's positive situation. The appropriate positive influence can be of development can be seen through the increased usage of medical drugs in society for life-saving causes. However, drug usage has also played suspicious effects on people in terms of serious short- and long-term influences (Beau-Lejdstrom, et. al., 2016). Moreover, society's development with the demand for relaxing and enjoying has been increasing mental pressure on individuals, causing their movement toward drugs. Among individuals from different life phases, adolescents are facing serious risk with raised cases of drug usage for fun and enjoyment. Drug usage causes a serious risk of personality, behaviour, and health change in individuals. In industrialized nations, the initiation of illicit drug usage also tends to occur during the critical period of life, i.e., adolescence raising the risk to behaviour and remaining life course or time.

The risk of adolescent behaviour to illicit drugs often turns into a higher compound risk, placing adverse social, economic, and health risk consequences on the host (Letrou and Kupek, 2018). The research and society observation also present that negative behaviour and drug usage also lead to inappropriate influence on the adolescent's surroundings, family, and mindset, causing mood swings with different thinking (Kanmodi, et. al., 2020). The study by cairns, et. al. (2018) highlights that the trends of drugs usage among people aged between 5 to 19 years have also increased the self-harming rates. The behavioural understanding also identified that drug usage causes predictive mental, physical, and negative psychological effects on individuals while severing severe direct effects on adolescents. The negative effect has been causing depressing, oversleeping, and suicidal rates with stereotyped drugs affecting children’s lifestyles and living patterns.

Influence of drugs used on adolescents’ health

The research shows that drugs can be identified as medicine or other substance that places a physiological effect on the body due to ingestion (Kanmodi, et. al., 2020). It is identified that there are various factors associated with influencing adolescents towards drug usage. The information shows that adolescents indulged in drug usage led to a high influence on family, friends, and society in terms of changed behaviour, personality, and support conditions. Further, the usage also raises the various problems to host associated with health risks affecting the living of adolescents (Nemati and Matlabi, 2017). The observations present that drug abuse at the global level causes social and health problems also associated with culture, welfare, and security aspects. The observation performed in different studies presents that drug usage results in unawareness, control loss, sensation decrement, and reduced thinking aspects of individual health as common aspects (Nemati and Matlabi, 2017). The information also shows that dropped concentration and thinking levels influenced by drug usage are also identified among adolescents, causing reduced schooling and social engagement. The understanding related to drug addiction also presents that the usage results in chronic illness among the host along with neurobiological issues (Mclellan, 2017). The understanding of the drug addiction scenario also presents that it influences the mental ability of an individual. The researchers highlight that drug misuse and addiction also causes disordered critical situation among the host body affecting their mental ability and brain activities. Moreover, Conway, et. al. (2017) presents that addiction also affects mental health and physical, causing unclear problems with incorporating intervention in the body. In addition, life loss with significant mental health issues and suicidal thoughts raises the drug usage increased risk influence among adolescents.

Approaches for making drug free society

Adolescents with a habit of drug consumption have created a problematic situation from the point of view of health conditions and social and economic perspectives. Social influence is higher in adolescents as the adolescents have a more level of exposure in the current time. School-based interventions with the combination of social competence along with the social influence approaches have proved to be protective steps against drug use by adolescents (Das, et. al., 2016). The program suggests using numerous platforms, digital platforms, and policy initiatives to improve substance abuse. With the help of the mass media campaigns, a wide range of audiences are covered, and the campaign is made available via television, newspapers, news websites, and other internet platforms. The mass media campaign has proven to be the most effective campaign for spreading awareness against drug use. The campaign is effective because, in the present time, adolescents treat social media platforms and mass media as a source of content. The campaign against the drug is also important via social media or mass media because the exposure to drug-related content on social media or mass media has also increased. Therefore, there is a need to reduce the exposure to drug-related content on social media and mass media.

Treatment for drug or substance use disorder

Drug misuse in Adolescence is the key reason behind the occurrence of problems related to academic performance, relationship problems, and emotional problems. The problems have had their effect for a very long period of time. For recovery and reducing drug use in Adolescence, systemic interventions are effective (Carr, 2019). Family therapy and systematic interventions are effective methods of treatment for adolescents with a substance disorder. Systematic intervention is an effective method for identifying whether the adolescent is using drugs or not and the reason why the adolescent started using the drug. Cannabis use among adolescents has also increased, and cannabis usage is creating the problem of a cannabis use disorder, so the reduction the trend of cannabis use, adolescent motivational enhancement therapy (MET) is used. Motivational enhancement therapy (MET) is termed a combined treatment process that includes a motivational interview in which the behaviour change is explored in a nonjudgmental way (Miranda Jr, et. al., 2017). MET is designed in order to motivate adolescents and develop skills in adolescents for the reduction of cannabis use. MET is based on the identification of the trigger points which make adolescents use cannabis and hence helps in developing self-control so that cannabis use can be reduced. Multidimensional family therapy (MDFT) is an effective treatment method in case of drug abuse; MDFT is family-based therapy in which family and adolescents work together as a system (Filges, et. al., 2018). The family has a major role in the treatment and recovery of the adolescent, and the family helps in improving the problems related to emotional and behaviour. The MDFT has proven to be effective in recovery and effective in developing great support for the drug abuse patient, which results in rapid recovery from drug abuse.

Literature review

Drug usage by adolescents

Drug usage is termed as health risky behaviour, and drug usage has become a global health issue. On the other hand, drug usage is the reason for non-communicable diseases (James, et. al., 2018). Drugs usage has been found to be at the core of many diseases. A survey in secondary schools in England by the NHS Digital has shown that adolescents have engaged in the use of drugs. With the increase in age, the percentage of drug-using adolescents has also increased (NHS Digital, 2019). Misuse of prescription drugs is termed an epidemic as the rate of prescription drug misuse has increased due to the overdose of the prescribed drug. The rate of prescription drug misuse (PDM) has been seen high in the case of adolescents. This has created a problematic situation. An increase in the rate of PDM has shown very concerning outcomes in adolescents, and poorer academic performance, risky behaviour, and psychopathology are the outcomes of the increased PDM in adolescents. According to Johnston, et. al. (2016), a young one who is not in school has a high rate of PDM along with a high rate of substance use disorder. While young one who regularly attends the school has a low rate of PDM and a low rate of substance use disorder. In addition Grant, et. al. (2017) have demonstrated that the symptom of PDM and substance use disorder have been high in adolescents. In the section, the participation of non-school attending adolescents is more. This can be termed as the academic benefit that the number of the school-going adolescent is less in terms of PDM or substance use disorder.

Today the internet availability and usage of digital media by adolescents have increased due to which the adolescent has access to a lot of content from digital media platforms. The evidence shows that adolescents are highly exposed to substance use as adolescents are now more exposed to social networking sites and brand websites (Jackson, et. al., 2018). Media has more exposure to substance usage, and adolescents are getting influenced by this exposure. One of the big reasons is that the media sections are also engaged in marketing the products, which promotes the indirect use of the drug. In addition, Stevens, et. al. (2019) have demonstrated that social media platforms have shown risky behaviours, especially in adolescents. The popularity of social media is one of the biggest reasons adolescents get easily influenced by the content available on it. During the research Stevens, et. al. (2019) have selected 151 members aged between 13 to 24, and the question with these users was based on the Facebook and Instagram content they watch, like, or share. The research presented a socking result as users answered in favour that they have either seen or liked or sometimes shared content related to the drugs. 1.40% agreed that they have got engaged with the drugs-related content via Facebook, and 1.49% agreed that they got engaged with the drug-related content on Instagram.

Influence of drug usage on the health of the adolescents

At present, the use of e-cigarettes has increased among adolescents, and the dual use of the e-cigarette along with marijuana is the key reason for the poor mental health condition. The weak regulation of marijuana is the key reason which accelerated the use of marijuana by adolescents. Weak regulations on marijuana have created a situation where marijuana availability is easy for adolescents (Chadi, et. al., 2016). Marijuana usage among adolescents is causing mental health problems in adolescents, and the adverse influence of marijuana on mental health is poor physical health conditions. As per Colizzi, et. al. (2016), the use of cannabis activates the ingredient delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (?9-THC), due to which the brain's capacity to process the information is disrupted. ?9-THC also affects the dopamine system, whereas chronic cannabis use results in the reduction of glutamate or the level of a metabolite in the brain. The reduction of glutamate is the reason for depression in adolescents, and cannabis usage affects the adolescent's mental health and physical health. In the case of marijuana usage, the same has been obtained. Due to the usage of marijuana, the dopamine level is firmly decreased. The decrease in the dopamine level may result in depression or produce suicidal symptoms. The chance of depression or suicidal symptoms is high in the regular user of marijuana (Chadi, et. al., 2016). In adolescents, the reason for the increase in marijuana use is adverse performance at school and the consequences of bad performance (Volkow, et. al., 2016). The poor mental health condition due to marijuana usage needed to be brought to the adolescents and their families too.

The usage of the drug increases the chances of potential health issues, and even due to the increased usage of all these drugs, the disorder can be found in a more proper manner. By analysing the article of the authors Hines, et. al., (2020), it can be found that with the increased usage of the high-potency of Cannabis, adolescents' mental health is also get hampered in a major way. The potency is the important factor determining the impact of the usage of Cannabis. This is the reason for understanding the usage and its impact on the mental health of individuals. The authors have undertaken the use of the questioning approach to cannabis. Through the undertaking of the research work, the authors have also made it clear that due to the higher usage of cannabis elements, there grow higher chances of decreased mental health of the individuals. While undertaking the experimental work, it has been found that they have considered people who are approximately 24 years old. To measure the impact of cannabis usage, questions have been asked them. This approach has thus assisted in obtaining the primary data that could assist the research task. Within the journal, it has also been found that there are higher chances of increased overlapping risk among the people who use cannabis elements. In this scenario, there also lies a higher chance of facing health problems such as mental disorders. The drugs usage by an adolescent in any form, like misuse of a prescription drug, illegal drug use, and marijuana use, are the prime factors that are increasing suicidal attempts and ideation of suicide (Thullen, et. al., 2016). The poor mental health condition of the adolescent is the prime reason behind the increase in suicidal attempts and ideation of suicide.

Approaches for making drug free society

Substance use has become a major health problem at the present time, and the contribution of drugs to the death rate is also gone high. Drug usage in Adolescence has increased, and this is happening due to various reasons, whether adolescent goes through physical abuse or mental abuse and neglect from their family. The increasing trend of drug usage among adolescents is a problematic situation for the health condition of the adolescent, and for this, schools have launched intervention programs. The school-based intervention program includes the Reasoning and Rehabilitation V2 (R&R2) program. R&R program provides a wide range of emotional, cognitive, social skills, attitudinal, and values associated with the body of evidence (Alarcó-Rosales, et. al., 2021). This evidence helps in the development of social skills like self-esteem, self-control, problem-solving attitude, and assertiveness which are key factors for the promotion of the attitude of drug rejection among adolescents. The school's R&R program is helping a lot in promoting the idea of being drug-free among adolescents; after attending the school-based program, adolescents have lowered the habit of drug usage. As per Sampasa-Kanyinga, et. al. (2021), 24-h Movement guidelines have been an effective program for the reduction of substance use by adolescents. Under this movement, guidelines for sleep duration, screen time, and different physical activities like 2 h/day for the recreational screen time. 9-11h/night of sleep time for 11-13 years olds and 8-10 h/night for young ones 14-17 years. Proper sleep duration and regular physical activities are considered a healthy schedule and stress-free life, which is important for a drug-free life situation. The scheduled life among the students is important for reducing the use of drugs, and the same has been obtained from the 24-h movement guidelines.

Through the research work of the author's Lewis and Sznitman (2019), it can be found that there is a huge role of social media ad the different mass media sites in promoting the potential principles of drug-free campaigns. Through the proper learning of the journal, it has been found that there are various policies present across the country that aims to manage and handle cannabis problems and issues. It has been found that it becomes very simple to access the essential data from online sources for identifying and evaluating the essential data regarding cannabis usage.

Another reason for undertaking the research work was to test the major effect of information scanning. Throughout the research work, the authors have also indicated several most effective ways to assist in seeking essential information from the different mass media resources. It has been found that cannabis policies, in recent days, are highly contested and in flux. It can also be found that there is a sharp increase in the coverage of media related to cannabis. This is because of the presence of debates related to legislation and cannabis. The study here displays that as better engagement of the public can be noticed due to the incorporation of the different efficient social media and mass media sites, it can be found that in most cases, they become capable of identifying and understanding the major legislations related to the cannabis usage. Thus, gradually, the need for media awareness has also become neccsary because, with the increase of media awareness, most people become capable of being more health aware. Thus, by creating the entire journal, the authors have ensured to impose greater attention on the building of the medical media health awareness, which could also reduce the usage of cannabis elements. Treatment for drug or substance use disorder

According to Manthey, et. al. (2021), it becomes very important to perform the proper monitoring process for cannabis across Europe to reduce the rate of using cannabis. Due to the increased usage of cannabis products, there are higher chances for psychotic disorders and other health isues such as respiratory problems, acute cognitive impairment, and several other problems. For undertaking the research work, R-version 4.0.5 has been taken into use, and for the proper estimation of the changes, the oldest data points have been taken into use. The undertaking of the Public Health Monitoring indicates that the usage of cannabis is prevalent across Europe. Also, it has been found that the trend data bulk has increased in past decades and also, it has also been found that the rise in the rate of prevalence also gets reported in all the group members. Throughout the journal, it has been found that the authors have taken into use the treatment demand indicator that provides an idea about the total number of people who enter treatment for drug users every year. The EMCDDA members create specific reports through undertaking proper monitoring and approach, and through implementing this approach, the cannabis potency gets reported in a perfect manner. By undertaking the research and analysis work, it has been found that among the total of 26 countries, there are 18 countries that display an increasing graph and trend in the regular usage of cannabis. The most increase in the pronunciation has got increased in Spain and Portugal. While finding the prevalence of the disorder that the usage of cannabis elements has caused, there are approximately 0.5% of adults meet the criteria of CUD in the year 2019. The data received indicates a rise in the rate of prevalence in several age groups of people, especially in the age group of people 35-64 years. The increasing amount has become approximately 50%.

. The adolescent has misconceptions regarding cannabis usage, and this misconception makes it hard for adolescents to quit the habit of cannabis usage. Motivational enhancement therapy provides formative feedback and corrects the normative misconceptions of the users (Blevins, et. al., 2018). During the motivational enhancement therapy, it is found that the adolescents have used cannabis with their close friends, and cannabis use approvals are also provided by the close friend.

Another treatment is Multidimensional family therapy (MDFT), and the therapy is quite found successful for adolescent as an adolescent has the nature of sharing thoughts with their family members. MDFT is the use of the multidimensional perspectives by the family or the individuals to determine the drug usage by the adolescent (Menchak and Karfe, 2021). Youth functioning, youth-parent interaction, parent functioning, and family communication with the social system are the processes involved in the MDFT. The MDFT is a family-oriented therapy for the treatment of the adolescent drug user, in which the family constructively interacts with the adolescent to solve emotional and behavioural problems. The multidimensional perspective taught to the users is drug abuse cause, ill-effect of the drug abuse, skills to overcome the habit, positive relationship with the family members, etc. Through this therapy, the family can identify the reason why the adolescent has the habit of drug usage, as there are multiple factors that develop the habit of drug usage in adolescents. As per Menchak and Karfe (2021) research, the most vibrant reason adolescents started using the drug is that their friends approached them to use the drug. Still, after the MDFT, adolescents also demonstrated that their parental support helped a lot in their recovery from the habit of drug usage. When adolescents are in depression due to drug usage, it is very important to provide emotional and moral support. Interaction with adolescent using drug become important as the social behaviour of drug-taking adolescent is highly affected, and social neglect becomes a very concerning point in this case.

According to the authors Houtepen, et. al. (2020), there are a huge role and importance for the family members and the other socio-economical factors in moulding the life of adolescent individuals. Through learning the article, it has also been found that there can be found a huge adverse impact on the social and mental well-being and health of these individuals for the absence or the improper presence of all these essential factors. The entire research approach has been undertaken by collecting and obtaining data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. This is the reason there lies a huge authenticity regarding the obtained data. During the presence of the Environmental risks, child maltreatment is associated with a doubling in the odds, which is quite relatable to the low quality of educational qualifications. Throughout the paper, the data that has been taken into use by the authors have been majorly collected from the perspective of the United Kingdom, and this has been done for examining the association of the ACEs from the age limit of 0-16 years and also special attention has been imposed to the health-related situation of the individuals who are at the age of 17 years. The research work has displayed that at least 84% of the participants were exposed to at least one o the ACE, and even approximately 24% of people were exposed to 4 or even more ACEs. The association between health and educational outcomes and ACEs is similar in adolescents with the parents from the nomanual occupational classes regarding social and manual adolescents related to high and low levels of maternal education. To depict the impact of usage of different types of drugs and cannabis materials, the researchers have also provided in-depth research on individuals' health-related issues and behaviours at the age of 17. During this experiment or research undertaking approach, the major factors covered and analysed include obesity, smoking on a regular basis, depression rate, use of illicit drugs, and cannabis. The study ensures the demonstration between the attainment of the lower educational level and ACEs, and the major topic that has been discussed all across the article include the usage of drugs, smoking frequently, and risks that are associated and related to the level of depression. The low PAFs regarding both the socioeconomic factor and ACEs imply interventions that majorly keep the focus solely on the socioeconomic deprivations and ACEs would also miss most of the cases, including the adverse health and educational outcomes. Throughout the journal, the authors have stated that there is no interest in the competition. Throughout the research work, the researchers have explored to such an extent that the proportion level of the adverse health and educational outcomes become easy to identify. Also, for understanding the entire situation accurately, it has been found that the relevant data have also been collected from the questionnaire section.

Methodology

Methodology

Research methodology has a significant role in arranging the methods used during the research in a systematic form. As per Melnikovas (2018), research methodology contributes to streamlining the selection of research methods to accomplish the research objectives. The research is based on a systematic review, which makes the selection of the primary research literature compulsory. The methodology section has the research paradigm, positionality, study design, search strategy, study selection, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, inclusion and exclusion criteria, data extraction, quality assessment, and data synthesis.

Research Paradigm

Research paradigm is referred to the common beliefs, theoretical framework, and principles that the researcher uses as assumptions regarding the reality of the world and the understanding of the method for addressing the problems. As per Rehman and Alharthi (2016), the paradigm is the basic theoretical framework and belief system with an assumption regarding ontology, methodology, epistemology, and methods. Paradigm is also termed as the way to understand the reality of the world and the way to study it. For research-based on healthcare, epistemology and ontology are the two approaches which are effective in providing insight into the reality and nature of the knowledge. Paradigm has three types that are positivism, critical theory, and interpretivism. Ontology is the nature of the belief regarding the reality that a researcher possesses, and the researcher possesses assumptions regarding the reality and its existence. Ontology helps the researcher measure reality and helps measure what reality is and how it creates multiple realities.

Epistemology is the part of the philosophy that studies the nature of the knowledge and the process followed for acquiring the knowledge and validating it. Epistemology is concerned about the form of the knowledge in which it is coming, how the knowledge can be attained, and how to communicate the gained knowledge to human beings. The researcher needs to debate the possibility and the desirability of the validity, subjectivity, generalizability, and objectivity, and epistemology helps the researcher debate the points mentioned above. As per Kamal (2019), epistemology deals with valid and sufficient knowledge. Along with it, epistemology is the process by which the researcher knows the truth and reality.

The positivism paradigm is under the umbrella of objectivism epistemology, which is a methodological philosophy suitable for quantitative research (Pham, 2018). The respective paradigm helps the researcher find the independent variable's influence on the dependent variable. It also helps the researchers understand the objects with the help of empirical tests and methods like sampling, focus group discussion, measurement, and questionnaires. Positivism proposes the assumptions during research, which have the basis of scientific methods of investigation. This paradigm supports a method of finding the relationship between the causes and effects by the application of quantitative methodologies like surveys, questionnaires, and statics. At the same time, interpretivism favours a deep understanding of the study regarding the context of happenings and social reality.

Positivism has opted for the research based on the systematic review of drug use in adolescents in the UK. Positivism paradigm is used, as the paradigm is supportive in general to specific study flow as it helps in the aim accomplishment. The paradigm is also supportive of the systematic quantitative review.

Positionality

Positionality is known for defining how the researcher is positioned socially, politically, and personally in connection to the study or research (Hampton, et. al., 2021). Importance of the positionality is that positionality can put an impact on the steps of the research project.

Drug use among adolescents is increasing due to various factors. Adolescents interact with drug or drug-related products on social media platforms, and lack of awareness is also a major reason. Drug use is affecting adolescents' physical and mental health, and it is found that adolescents with a habit of drug consumption have a mental disorders. On the other hand, it is also found that the imagination of suicide or attempt of suicide by these adolescents is more in comparison to the adolescents who don’t have a habit of drug use. Authorities and government bodies have launched various programs for recovery and to save adolescents from using the drug. The systematic review on the topic of drug use by adolescents will help in developing an understanding of the reasons adolescents are getting into the habit of drug use, the influence of drug use on the health of adolescents, and programs that are designed for recovery.

Study design

The study design defines the situation of the arrangements for information that helps in combining the research purpose with the methodology (Akhtar, 2016). The study design also defines the arrangement followed for the research.

For this research, the systematic review of the literature that addresses the observations and knowledge of drug use by an adolescent in the UK is considered. The systematic review helped in getting an appropriate level of evidence, and the quality of evidence is also high in the systematic review. As per Glasofer and Townsend (2019), a systematic review of randomized controlled trials is at level 1 of the evidence pyramid, whereas a systematic review of quasi-experimental research is at level 2 and a systematic review of the non-experimental studies at level 3 of the evidence pyramid. As the level goes up in the evidence pyramid, the quality of evidence also increases (figure 1).

Figure 1: Evidence Pyramid.

Source: (Glasofer and Townsend, 2019)

The research is based on answering the research questions and objectives; systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) contribute to the process of answering. PRISMA model is taken into consideration for selecting and screening the collected data. The design consists of search strategy, study selection, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, data extraction, quality assessment, and data synthesis.

Search Strategy

Search strategy needed to be designed carefully so that a sufficient amount of evidence or data from open and adequate sources could be gathered. As the research topic is based on drug use by an adolescent in the UK, a search strategy with higher effectiveness was designed to meet the aim of the systematic review of the topic of drug use by an adolescent in the UK. The strategy started with the selection of the research articles having primary research, and a proper procedure for the elimination of false or non-usable data was taken in use. For the selection of research literature, various keywords were used: Drug use, adolescent, drug influence, mental health, physical health, drug use in the UK, and recovery program. The SPIDER search tool was used for searching the research literature. The SPIDER search tool helps search the literature with the help of keywords, and the keywords relevant to the research topic are used (Chilinda, et. al., 2021). Spider tool offers samples, phenomena of interest, design, evaluation, and research type. The SPIDER tool used for the research is presented in table 1. For the research literature search, various databases were considered; a database like research gate, springer, science-direct, PubMed, Medline, IEEE, Online Google scholar databases etc., was used. The database helped in getting knowledge about drug use by adolescents, the influence of drug use in adolescents, the influence of the drug on mental and physical condition, treatment, and recovery plans. The SPIDER search tool helped in obtaining the keywords, and after obtaining keywords, it became easier to search the research literature. SPIDER search tool for the research is presented in table 1.

As the work is a systematic review, it was important to select literature that has primary research, survey, questionnaire, and similar type of evaluation of numeric value data. So to attain this, many types of filters as a filter for the year to obtain research literature between 2015 and 2022, filters for getting literature with primary research, data relevant to the research topic, and systematic review were introduced.

Table 1: SPIDER search tool

Sample	Research articles, journals, and research papers
Phenomenon of interest	Drugs, non-communicable diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, mental health, physical health
Design	Reliable data collection
Evaluation	Practices, results, knowledge, and belief
Research type	Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method

Study selection

The first step to scan the research articles is to select a research article with the right title. In this task, the study strategy and SPIDER search tool helped a lot. The study strategy and SPIDER search tool helped in matching the relevancy of the title of the research literature with the research topic of drug use in adolescents in the UK. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) was supported in selecting the study by applying terms like identification, eligibility, involvement, and screening. The PRISMA model uses the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria for providing accuracy in the data collection method selection of appropriate research literature as per the need of the systematic review. Defining inclusion criteria has a significant role in answering the research questions and helps the researchers to get knowledge (Patino and Ferreria, 2018). Inclusion criteria help in sorting listing on the basis of the required criteria like the range of year, type of research, data type, etc. The same is with the exclusion criteria, and exclusion criteria also have a significant role in excluding the literature that does not match the requirement of the research.

As the research is a systematic review, some of the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria are taken into consideration to obtain appropriate research literature.

Inclusion criteria

According to the requirement of the systematic review, the following inclusion criteria are taken into consideration:

• Population: Adolescents, school-going adolescents, and non-school-going adolescents were participants.

• Setting: UK, as the research is based on the adolescents of the UK.

• Time frame: Literature published between 2015 to 2022.

• Research literature has primary research, and participants are adolescents.

• Study: Studies having quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method usage.

• Language: Literature published in the English language.

Exclusion criteria

Time period: Forgetting the data from the last fear years, the literature taken into consideration has been filtered, and literature published before 2015 was excluded. This helped in getting data from the recent year and helped in getting the current situation of drug use in adolescents in the UK.

• Unavailability of full text: Abstracts not having full-text are provide appropriate insight, which is a must for the systematic review.

• Unavailability of open source: Literature does not have availability at open sources is also excluded.

• Duplicates: The criteria applied to prevent bias.

• Age: Literature having participants above the age of 18 years is also excluded.

• Language: Literature only available in a language other than English or the English translation was not available were excluded.

Implementing the inclusion and exclusion criteria

The PRISMA model inclusion criteria involved the aspect of keywords, year, and language in the screening section of the model for information collection. Moreover, the text accessibility, open-text, and information accuracy were part of the eligibility section, which were included for efficient information collection in the study. Data filtration and extraction process are presented in the PRISMA flow chart in figure 2. In the first step, 220 research articles were selected, and the majority of the research was selected from research gate, springer, science-direct, PubMed, Medline, IEEE, and Online Google scholar databases. Some of the research articles are taken from websites. After collecting research articles, screening was performed on behalf of relevancy to the drug use by adolescents, the effect of drug use on adolescents’ health, treatments, and campaigns. Screening helped in excluding 210 articles and finding out 30 full texts, but 20 articles did not have an adequate level of data, so finally, 10 were selected for the research. Ten articles were used for the literature review as these articles matched all the criteria for systematic review.

The first stage

• Total articles are taken: 250

• Articles not fulfilling criteria like adolescent’s involvement, primary research, published between 2015-2022: 210

The second stage of screening involved assessing full-text articles

• Don’t have adequate data: 20

• Selected research articles for use in research: 10

Figure 2: PRISMA flow diagram of the search strategy.

Source: (Author, 2022)

Data extraction

Data extraction is the method the researcher uses to gain knowledge about the findings and study characteristics. Full-text articles are considered to be a data source for the systematic review, and primary data is taken from them, or the literature or theory developed on the basis of the primary data is taken.

Quality assessment

The quality assessment is the most important aspect of the research study, and it helps in conducting and designing the systematic review. The quality assessment contributes to assessing the quality of the collected records to answer the research question effectively, which leads to the fulfilment of the research objectives and aim. With the help of the quality assessment, stability of study can be achieved, leading to the identification of qualifications and limitations. Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) is the tool for quality appraisal with the help of the questions (Long, et. al., 2020). CASP tool is considered as a commonly used checklist or criteria-based tool that helps in quality appraisal in health and social care-related research. As the research is based on a systematic review, so the CASP checklist is prepared to assess the quality of the studies, and the accessed quality is presented in table 2. The checklist has the following terms:

1. Did the review address a focused question?

2. Did the authors look for the right type of information?

3. Do you think all the important, relevant studies were included?

4. Did the review’s authors do enough to assess the quality of the included studies?

5. If the results of the review have been combined, was it reasonable to do so?

6. Is the overall result satisfactory?

7. Are the results precise?

8. Can the results be applied to the local population?

9. Were all important outcomes considered?

10. Are the benefits worth the harms and costs?

Table 2: CASP table

Reference	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
(Stevens, et. al., 2019)	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
(Chadi, et. al., 2016)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Hines et al., (2020)	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
(Thullen, et. al., 2016)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
(Alarcó-Rosales, et. al., 2021)	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
(Sampasa-Kanyinga, et. al., 2021),	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Lewis and Sznitman (2019)	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Manthey et al., (2021)	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
(Kaminer, et. al., 2017)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No
(Blevins, et. al., 2018)	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes

Data synthesis

Selection of the research literature involved various criteria like publishing year, type of research, and availability of adequate data in the literature. For checking the relevancy of the selected works of literature, quality assessment or quality, an appraisal is performed with the help of the CASP questions. The results of the review were synthesized like a textual narrative for the investigation of differences and similarities among the study findings and exploring patterns used for data collection, validity and context (Campbell, et. al., 2018). The respective approach is used due to the statistical heterogeneity in the findings of the study. After searching research literature, the screening of the selected started based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria that have their relationship in accordance to the requirements of the systematic review and research topic of drug use in adolescents in the UK

Result

Table 3: Summary of the literature used

References	Aim	Journal	Study design	Setting	Sample	Sampling methods	Conclusion	Critical Appraisal	Quality assessment score
Chadi, et. al. (2016)	To investigate the depressive symptom and suicidality in adolescents using marijuana.	American Society of Addiction Medicine	Descriptive and regression analyses by the use of a set of questions	Students of high school	26,821	Complex sampling design	Adolescents who are using marijuana have more depressive symptoms and suicidality than the young ones not using marijuana	Appropriate sample size and relevant questionnaire used.	7
Hines et al., (2020)	To investigate the use of drugs in Adolescence and their impact on their health.		Longitudinal study and descriptive statistics for studying and understanding data.	Participants who attended the ALSPAC clinic. Individuals who attended the assessment.	1087	A simple sampling design was used.	Adolescents and individuals in the UK have started using high-potency drugs and cannabis.	The size is appropriate, and the time frame is standard here.	8
Stevens, et. al. (2019)	To investigate the engagement of adolescents with risk content via social media.		Descriptive statistics for the study of the data.	Black and Hispanic youth from urban neighbourhoods having aged 13-24 years.	145	Modified venue-based sampling technique	Adolescents are getting exposed to risky content via social media, and on many occasions, adolescents also become a part of that by sharing some risky content.	The sample size is good and selecting black as well as Hispanic is a good decision for maintaining variability.	6
Alarcó-Rosales, et. al. (2021)	To analyze the effectiveness of the Reasoning and Rehabilitation V2 Program, which school-based intervention for the prevention of adolescents from substance use.		Statistical analysis was performed by the use of the SPSS analysis tool.	Students are selected from 6 high schools attending programs in Spain.	183	Cluster sampling design	Reasoning and Rehabilitation V2 program has shown positive results, and due to the program, a reduction in adolescents using has been found.	Randomly allocating the students to the two groups is an effective step to obtaining the effectiveness of the R&R program. Pre-survey and post-survey helped in checking the effectiveness of the school-based program.	8
Thullen, et. al. (2016)	To analyze the suicide ideation and attempts among adolescents engaged in risk behaviours		Latent class analysis (LCA) was used for grouping and hence in analysis.	9th and 12th-grade students from Minnesota.	84,121	Population-based sampling.	Adolescent involved in the risk behaviours has a high suicide as well as attempt. Especially adolescents that lack connection with family and school.	The sample size is acceptable, and the questions used in the survey are adequate.	7
Sampasa-Kanyinga, et. al. (2021)	To mark the effectiveness of the 24-h movement guidelines and substance use among adolescents.		Subsequent analysis was conducted separately for boys and girls.	Students with ages between 11 years to 20 years from Ontario, Canada	10,236	A complex sample design applying Taylor series linearization methods in Stata 16.0 was used for sampling.	24-h movement guidelines are effective for the adolescents involved in alcohol use and help in avoiding the use.	The study involved the sampling of data of boys as well as girls separately. This helps in determining the effectiveness of 24-h movement guidelines separately.	8
Lewis and Sznitman (2019)	To determine whether a mass-media campaign effectively prevents adolescents from intending or using drugs.		Meta-analysis was used to determine the pooled effect of the mass-media intervention on drug use.	Participants of the research are ranged from the ages group 18 to 78.	263 Males and 291 Females.	A sampling design is used during the research.	The usage of the mass media has been provided here. The usage of mass media in promoting policies on drug usage has been analysed, and support for the cannabis attitude has been analysed.	The sampling design is simple, so it is easy to understand and get an idea about the study.	7
Manthey et al., (2021)	To monitor the health of the cannabis people and evaluate the impact of using cannabis.		The statistical analysis process has been used during performing the research task and during undertaking the evaluation.	Adults aged between the age group of 15 to 64 are the participants.		A simple design was used for sampling.	The task monitoring of cannabis individuals has been analysed across Europe throughout the research.	The sampling size has been ensured to get implemented during the research task by gathering survey data from a huge number of countries.	7
Kaminer, et. al. (2017)	To evaluate and compare the efficiency of the cognitive behavioral therapy n and adolescent community reinforcement approach in case of the cannabis use disorder in adolescents.		A meta-analysis of primary prevention Programs that have cannabis-specific content were used.	Adolescents ageing between 13 to 18 years suffers from cannabis use disorder.	161	Independent samples t-tests.	Cognitive-behavioural therapy has more efficiency than Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach for recovering from cannabis use disorder.	Independent samples t-tests are effective.	8
Blevins, et. al. (2018)	To investigate the impact of normative feedback include in Motivational enhancement therapy on cannabis use by adolescents.		Preliminary analyses of variance are applied for comparing the variables	Adolescents were receiving motivational enhancement therapy.	252	A diverse sample is taken in use.	Normative feedback is important in changing adolescent cannabis users' behaviour and marks the influence of close friends.	A diverse sample helped in getting an adequate result to measure the impact of normative feedback.	8
Houtepen et al., (2020)	To find the adverse effect of drugs on adolescent health and the role of family and socioeconomic factors.		Data has been gathered from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).	Children and pregnant women. Children are approximately 7 years, and other participants are aged 22 years.	A total 4917 number of participants were there during the experiment. 14541 pregnant women and children who are aged between 15 to 16 years.	Quota sampling has been used during the undertaking of the research task.	A higher risk of depression can be found due to the increased usage of drugs. Better associations between lower educational attainment and ACEs can be found, and the impact of social and family factors can be noticed on mental health.	The target sample has been set by following a strategic way, and it helps in understanding the actual experimental aim.	8

Chadi, et. al. (2016) performed a cross-sectional study to investigate the increase of depressive symptoms and suicidality in adolescents involved in marijuana use. For collecting data, the authors had recruited students of the high school, and a sample size of 26,821 and the participants having complete grade knowledge were considered. Participants were divided into 4 groups. The first group included: no marijuana or e-cigarette use, marijuana use only, e-cigarette use, and using both. The questions were framed on the basis of the use of marijuana within 30 days. The questions were framed to obtain data from adolescents who were using marijuana, e-cigarette, or both. These questions were also focused on finding how many of the participants have felt depression in the last 12. How many of the participants have felt suicidality in the last 12 months. In the sample of 26,821, white was 44.8%, and females were 51.3%. In the sample, 9.1% of participants agreed that they had used an e-cigarette, and 9.7% agreed that they had used marijuana, whereas 10.2% agreed on the point of using both e-cigarettes and marijuana. 30.7% of participants reported having depressive symptoms for 2 weeks and sometimes more than 2 weeks. On the other hand, 17.3% reported that they had got serious feelings about committing suicide in the past. The limitation of the research work is that the participants selected for the research only involved students from English-speaking schools, and due to this, the data obtained is not socio-economic.

The authors Hines, et. al. (2020) have used a standard sample size of 1087 people who were reported to be using cannabis, especially drugs, for several months across the UK. Throughout the research work, it has been found that the entire task has been undertaken using Stata, version 15.1. It has also been found that among the total participants, 1087 of 24 years of age, 12.8% of them have been reportedly using a high potency of cannabis. Whereas, there were also approximately 87.2% of people who used to use low-potency based cannabis. Here, in this case, the use of the high-potency based cannabis was much more in comparison to the cannabis that is related to low-potency. Tobacco dependency is 37%, and also the percentage of people who uses illicit drugs is approximately 82.9%. But throughout the analysis, it has not been investigated what the different types of cannabis and drugs are used by Adolescence. Performing a proper investigation has also been found that the high-cannabis usage frequency is associated directly with the increased frequency of usage. Also, a huge impact on adolescents' mental health can be found due to the higher usage of potent drugs and cannabis.

According to authors Lewis and Sznitman (2019), mass media or social media plays a very important role in screening and dealing effectively with the drug problem. During undertaking the research work, there were participants who were aged between the age group of 18 to 78. The sample that the authors have used during the research work includes 263 males and 291 females. The research results have displayed the direct association of the information-seeking from the different social media sources. It has also been found that there was no such kind of major association between medical cannabis and mass media. It has also been found that the cannabis users and the other drinkers who were reported last month were more likely to report than the non-drinkers. Through evaluating the finding, there is a huge association between scanning from online sources and seeking information. Through creating the journal, the authors have provided preliminary evidence of the positive impact of the usage of social media sites in evaluating medical cannabis. Through learning the journal, it has also been found that several policies related to cannabis can be promoted by using the different types of mass media and social media sites. Thus it can also be found that social media often provide support and ensures to provide coverage of the different legislations regarding drug usage and cannabis.

Stevens, et. al. (2019) has conducted research for investigating the number of adolescents getting exposed to risky content via social media platforms and the influence of risky content on adolescents. This author has engaged 145 participants, including black and Hispanic youths between 13 to 24 years. Authors have used descriptive statistics for analyzing the collected data, and after analyzing data, it is found that 64.2% agreed on using social media for hours, 19.2% reported being daily users of social media, whereas 16.7% agreed to be using social media on a weekly basis and 4.0% reported that they use social media on rare occasion. Youth using Facebook were found to be 59.6% and Instagram users to be 21.9%, of which 6.67% of youth agreed that they have got engaged with risky content on Facebook, in this 1.40 reported that they have engaged with drugs-related content via Facebook. Whereas 6.03 youth reported that they got exposed to risky content on Instagram, in which 1.49% agreed to get engaged in drugs-related content. The study reflects that this is the fact that adolescents are getting exposed to risky content, including drug-related content on different social media platforms. From the outcomes of the study, it can be said that social media usage is risky for adolescents. The limitation of the study is that the study is only focused on obtaining the engagement of adolescents to the risky content, and the authors missed an important point to obtain the influence of social media risky content on the behaviour of the adolescents.

The authors Manthey, et. al. (2021) have undertaken research work that is related to the proper and effective monitoring of the cannabis usage of individuals all across Europe. Also, throughout the analysis, the cannabis potency, rate of treatment, and usage prevalence have been evaluated properly and effectively. Before the initializing of the research task, an estimation of cannabis was estimated to be 3-9%. Through evaluating the survey, it can be found that a pre-estimated 15.4% of EU inhabitants who were aged between 15 to 35 take into use cannabis. After the successful undertaking of the research work, it has also been found that the public health system of monitoring indicates that there is prevalent cannabis all across Europe and through undertaking an in-depth analysis, it has also been found that an estimation of 2.9% of the adults between the age group 15 to 64 has been reported in the past month. Also, there is a variation in the prevalence of usage that ranges from 9.1% in Spain to even less than a per cent (1%) in Hungary, Malta and Turkey. But as the research work has been undertaken in many countries, there is an exception in the case of the UK, where both the usage of CUD and Cannabis is relatively on the higher side. Among the adults aged between 35-and 64 years has also increased by 50%, which has also created a chance of a higher risk-based pattern (Manthey, et. al., 2021). As a treatment and an addressing strategy for the rising, threatening condition, the authors have also indicated the positive side of using the different types of motivational theories and Cognitive Behavioral Therapies and emphasized their usefulness in mitigating the health-related problems of cannabis individuals.

Alarcó-Rosales, et. al. (2021) carried out research to get the effectiveness of the R&R V2 school-based program. For this, 183 students were selected who were at high risk of academic failure and attended school programs in 6 different schools, but later 41 participants were excluded. Participants selected for the research were from the age range of 13-17 years, and the final count was 142. The experimental group has 68 participants, and the control group has 74 members. The two-stage survey was made one pre-test survey and a post-test survey after an interval of 12 months. The collected data were analyzed by the analysis tool SPSS. The result amazed me as the R&R V2 program showed a reduction in the habit of substance use. The study has the limitation that the research has been conducted with the involvement of students from 6 selected students, and no participants were taken from traditional schools. So the finding cannot be generalized to all students.

The authors Houtepen, et. al. (2020) have successfully tried their best to understand the role of the different factors of the family and the different socioeconomic elements to represent the adverse impact of drugs on life and health of the adolescent. This is the reason to build better efficiency and appropriately present the entire research work. They have gathered data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. The major aim of the research has been to be focused on the association between health and the education of adolescents. Through undertaking the research work, it has been found that a total of 84% of the participants of ALSPAC got exposed to at least a minimum of one ACEs. There were 23.6% of individuals who got exposed to ACE 1 and 36.5% of them to ACE 2. At the same time, the distribution of the score of the ACE was equal for both the males and the females. Among the total 4917 participants, approximately 50.1% were women, and among them, 16.1% of people used drugs. Whereas 8.7% had huge depression, and the percentage of obsessed individuals was approximately 7.3%. Due to the proper conduction of the evaluation, it has also been found that the adjustment in the different factors of socioeconomic factors and family members play a major role in maintaining and managing the health and life balance of the adolescent.

Discussion

Through undertaking the entire research work, it has been found that there are several factors and objectives of the entire work which have been aimed to be covered through the proper undertaking of the work. The aim of the research is to evaluate and investigate the impact of drug use on adolescent life and health across the UK. It is the reason the objectives of the research task have been made accordingly. Among these objectives, investigating the usage of the drugs by adolescents, the impact of these drugs on the lives and health of these individuals, and finally, the approaches to making society drug free can be considered the most important and major ones. Also, through analyzing and evaluating the outcomes of the research of different journals, all of these objectives have been aimed to evaluate during undertaking the literature review part. For doing the same several relevant questions have also been developed in the initialization phase of the research task. During undertaking the actual data from the different sources such as articles and journals, special attention has been provided to the actual data and facts, and this is the reason through undertaking the detailed literature review part it became capable of identifying the usage rate of the drugs among the adolescent all across the UK.

The role of effective social media and mass media in promoting awareness among the public can also be understood by undertaking a detailed analysis of the literature review sub-section. Thus, the research task has assisted in identifying the possible ways for making a drug-free society. Even the role of motivational therapy in encouraging adolescents to avoid the consumption of drugs has been found through the task (Nwachukwu, et. al., 2021). There are several objectives that act thas the major aims of an undertaking and the entire research work. The major objective of undertaking the research work is to investigate the usage of drugs by adolescents all across the UK. The journal of the authors Manthey, et. al. (2021) can be analyzed properly to identify and analyse the usage of the drugs by the individuals. The journal has made it clear that there is increased use of the elements related to cannabis by adolescents all across the UK. Here in this scenario, approximately 0.5% of the adults come in the criteria of CUD in the year 2019. There can also be found a rise in the prevalence rate, and the increase in the usage of cannabis elements can be found among the age group people of 35-64 by 50%. There is also another major objective for undertaking the research work. The reason behind undertaking the research work is to perform in-depth research on the effect of the usage of drugs on adolescents' lives and health. For performing the research on this topic, the researchers have also used the article of the authors Hines, et. al. (2020), which also makes it possible to understand the impact of the usage of drugs on the life and health of adolescents. Through studying the journal, there can be found an increase in the decreased quality of health of the individuals due to the usage of higher cannabis intake. The impact of cannabis intake can also be found in adolescents, adversely impacting their lives and health. Through performing detailed analysis and research work, it has also been found that the quality of the individual’s life gets hampered due to the intake of drugs and cannabis materials.

There were also other major objectives of undertaking the research work, and among these, making society drug-free was one of the most important ones. Here, for analyzing the positive impact of the drug-free society, it has been found that the journal of the author's Lewis and Sznitman (2019) have been taken into use where it has been depicted that the mass media has a huge role in improving the entire society because with the help of promoting different aspects and scenarios related to the policies and legislations of in-taking cannabis.

Through the research work of the author's Lewis and Sznitman (2019), it can be found that there is a huge role of social media add the different mass media sites in promoting the potential principles of drug-free campaigns. Through the proper learning of the journal, it has been found that there are various policies present across the country that aims to manage and handle cannabis problems and issues. It has been found that it becomes very simple to access the essential data from online sources for identifying and evaluating the essential data regarding cannabis usage. Thus, it has also been found that the mass media plays a major role in improving society's structure. It also helps in improving the awareness among the people of the society in creating a drug-free society. There are also several other major objectives of undertaking the research task, among which the recovery from the disorder is one of the most important ones. But there can be found a gap in the research task because while performing the task, no articles are taken into use that provides a clear image of the mitigation and the recovery plan from the disorder problem. Thus, it can be stated that there remains an area of improvement regarding the research work that could improve the entire condition of the research.

The research methodology taken into account during the entire task has been undertaken in a very systematic manner. To obtain better authenticity of the data, the primary data collection method has been used throughout the research task. Before initializing the task, it also becomes very important to make a clear assumption regarding the topic to ensure the research paradigm is used. The approach of positionality is also taken into use during performing the research work, and due to this reason, the authors have successfully stated the position of the researchers from the political, personal and social perspectives (Buckley, et. al., 2021). The study design that has been undertaken during the undertaking of the research work can also be considered a systematic way as through applying this approach, and it becomes possible to implement the PRISMA meta-analysis process. The effectiveness and the reliability of the entire research work have also improved due to the proper incorporation of different types of effective search tools and techniques. Due to the perfect and effective incorporation of all these techniques and tools, it has been found that the entire quality of the research has increased gradually. During performing the data gathering, it has been observed that the searching tools and techniques have helped the researchers obtain the most authentic sources. While doing the evaluation and the analysis part, the systematic method has helped improve the overall quality of the work. There are also several limitations that have been found during undertaking the work. The research work could have been done by incorporating more graphically represented journals and articles, but due to the limitation of enough time, there have been increased bounds and limits regarding the work. After the successful undertaking of the research task, it has been found that with the higher usage of cannabis materials, the mental and the educational field of the individuals get affected, and this is something that even hampers the social lifestyle and standards of the adolescents. The risk of overlapping also increases due to the increase in the in-taking of drugs and cannabis elements. Due to the rise of the usage of the different social media and mass media platforms, it has also been found that it has become easy for people to keep track of the updated policies and legislations related to the usage and intaking of cannabis and drugs. Thus the entire analysis and the research work could be made more proper and of higher quality by imposing extra attention to these points and presenting all the missing data and information in a more presentable manner.

Conclusion

The entire research work above has covered a detailed overview of the investigation of the usage of drugs by adolescents all across the UK. Also, several objectives have been created initially for supporting and investigating the research work. The entire task has been divided into several chapters, which include an introduction, literature review, methodology and result. Finally, the research task also consists of a discussion section that provides a detailed review and a set of recommendations for improving the quality of the research task in the future. Through undertaking the detailed analysis, it can be stated that all the essential objectives and goals of the task have been met successfully because the major task here was to identify and evaluate the percentage and the number of individuals who are intaking drugs and other hazardous elements like cannabis. With the proper implementation of the approach of monitoring, it has been found that there are approximately 0.5% of people who comes under the CUD criteria, and the amount of the in-taking got increased by 50% for the people who are aged between 35 to 64 years which is also a huge number for being an entire population.

Health relevance

Through undertaking the research task, it has been found that there is a huge need and requirement to implement the research outcome in a real-life scenario. During the research task, it was found that using social media and the different mass media becomes capable of increasing the public's awareness regarding the use of cannabis and drugs. The mass media and other social media sites make it possible to make the public understand the different effective policies and legislation related to drug usage. Thus it can also contribute to developing a drug-free society.

Recommendations

There are different types of ways and practices by incorporating which the research quality can be improved more appropriately.

• Developing a detailed work/Task schedule could assist in handling and managing the entire work in a more appropriate manner (Manishankar and Anand, 2021).

• More libraries could have been visited while obtaining data and necessary information. This could help in getting even more relevant information related to the topic.

• For ensuring better authentication regarding the data and information, that information and data could be compared with other sources.

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