Tourism Impacts and Sustainable Development: A Case Study on Wildlife Tourism in Goa

TOURISM IMPACTS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

A CASE STUDY ON WILDLIFE TOURISM IN GOA

INTRODUCTION

The case study will outline and discuss the tourism industry and its impacts on various sectors. It will also focus on Sustainable Development, particularly on the issue of resource depletion. The case study shall analyse the upsides and downsides of Tourism in Goa, which is the selected destination for this report. Wildlife tourism, adventure, and the environment in Goa will be the critical discussion points. It will also present a strategy to minimise the issue of resource depletion through the focus on Eaze Travels and Tours Pvt Lim Company. The report revolves around finding a way to encourage sustainable development and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the tourism industry to make it innocuous for the environment and people.

Tourism should be enjoyable and a pleasing experience for the people, but it is often forgotten that it also causes harm to the planet in many ways (Mihalic, 2020.p.103025). So, it is important to introduce and implement responsible tourism for the sake of the environment and future generations since there is already a significant rise in the consumption of limited resources like water and energy which is leading to their depletion. That is why the need of the hour is to use the resources mindfully and adopt sustainable practices to conserve the environment and its precious resources.

Tourism and Its Impacts

Tourism is a common term that refers to the movement of people to different places from their usual place of residence for business or leisure. It is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which generally includes adventures and activities for new experiences. The Tourism Industry is considered to be one of the largest industries worldwide, contributing to the generation of job opportunities, local infrastructure and building economy for developing countries. It can help to conserve the environment, appreciate the culture and tradition of the place, benefit the local communities and fight poverty effectively (Milano et al., 2019.pp.353-357).

Tourism comes along with both positive and negative impacts just like anything else in this world. Tourism Impacts can be defined as the effects of tourism on various sectors, for example, the environment, culture, economy and society of the place. It is important to be aware of the consequences of tourism activities and keep track of them so the required actions can be taken to make some changes and reduce the negative impacts of tourism. So the analysis and breakdown of the situation is very critical to balance the outcomes of the tourism activities and spread awareness.

Negative impacts of tourism can be mitigated by adopting Sustainable Tourism Practices, promoting responsible travel behaviours, enforcing strict regulations and policies, making efforts for environmental conservation and encouraging community-based tourism.

Ecotourism is tourism that promotes responsible travel to areas which are nature-centric, it attracts tourists through the beauty of nature, wildlife habitat and local communities of the area (Streimikiene et al., 2021.pp.259-271). It contributes to the conservation of the environment, helps preserve the culture and heritage of the destination and promotes well-being of the local qualities. It involves spreading awareness, interpreting and educating people about the advantages of practising environment-friendly tourism activities through ecotourism since it is low-impact and preserves biodiversity.

Ethical Tourism is an approach to travel which involves respecting the local communities, their culture and tradition, and learning about their heritage. This type of tourism is driven by factors like social justice, human rights practices, environmental conservation and animal welfare. It is counter counter-response to the negative impacts of mass tourism practices. It improves transparency and accountability of the tourists towards society and the environment. The benefits of ethical tourism are that it empowers local communities and ensures fair income distribution.

Sustainable development is a framework that works on the principle of mindfully utilising resources to meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations (Go and Kang, 2023.pp.381-394). It is an approach to growth and development that is favourable for the planet as well as the next line of generations to come. Conservation of biodiversity, preservation of natural resources and to manage development in the most optimum manner are the core fundamentals of the concept of sustainable development.

About the Destination: In India, when tourism and travel experience are talked about, the first name that comes to the mind of people is Goa. This small territory is located on the Western Coast of the country and makes up a perfect combination of a variety of stunning beaches, dense forests and diverse wildlife. It is also called The Tropical Paradise as it offers a unique blend of relaxation, adventure, great wildlife and eco-tourism experiences. This makes it one of the best travel destinations in India which welcomes a diverse group of tourists and provides a variety of joyful experiences (Irawan and Hartoyo, 2022.p. 012068). The focus of this study is on the Wildlife tourism, Adventure and Environment of the destination, so the following are some of the must-visit places to plan the best itinerary for the trip to Goa.

• Wildlife Tourism

• Bhagwan Mahavir Sanctuary and Mollem National Park: This is the home to a variety of wildlife including Bengal Tigers, Elephants and about more than two hundred species of birds.

• Dr Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary: It can be the best place to visit for bird enthusiasts, as it offers four hundred species of birds.

• CotigaoWildlife Sanctuary: Preserves rare plant species and provides trekking trails.

Origin of Sustainable Tourism

The evolution of sustainable tourism emerged from the rooting concerns about the negative impacts of mass tourism on the environment. It now became a more recognised approach and widely practised for responsible travel, embracing environmental, social and economic sustainability. Sustainable Tourism is also given the name of Responsible Tourism and was introduced to the world by Mr Harold Goodwin (Kwatra et al, 2021.p.100116). Historical Background before the emergence of Sustainable Tourism goes back to the 1960s-1970s when concerns about mass tourism and its environmental and social impacts surfaced. In the 1980s, the issue was addressed by International Organisations and finally in 1990s, Sustainable Tourism concept gained momentum.

The significant entities for the introduction and implementation of Sustainable Tourism practices are the United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO), the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the International Ecotourism Society (IES) et cetera.

Principles of Sustainable Tourism: Environmental sustainability, Social responsibility, economic durability, cultural preservation and community participation. These are the key elements that shape the idea of sustainability in tourism.

Relationship between Sustainability, Ecotourism and Ethical Tourism

These three terms are very deeply interconnected and support a common cause, which is the welfare of society and the environment. When studied and analysed in detail, it can be derived that Sustainability is a broader concept meanwhile, Ecotourism and Ethical tourism can be considered as the subsets of sustainable development (Santos-Roldán et al., 2020. p.5353). These are the tourism practices that are implemented and help to manage sustainable activities in various sectors of tourism.

For example, ecotourism is more focused on environmental conservation whereas ethical tourism revolves around societal heritage and rights preservation. But both of these motives are driven by the idea of Sustainability. So, it can be said that sustainability is the guiding light for these two kinds of responsible tourism. However, the main objectives or areas of focus of these tourism practices are different. They are still overlapping and interconnecting in several ways, that is Environmental Conservation through Ecotourism supports the local communities as well, by introducing community-led tourism programs, it is like a one-stone two bird scenario. Similarly, responsible travel practices reduce the negative impacts of tourism o on the environment, so it indirectly supports the idea of ecotourism as well (Sørensen and Grindsted, 2021.p.103307). It can be positively stated that sustainability, ecotourism and ethical tourism share common key principles like responsibility, respecting local cultures and environment, generating economic benefits for local communities and the country, and lastly, spreading awareness and educating the people about the necessity of practising these daily. It also shows how following even any one of these practices can contribute to the larger picture and also indirectly benefit in areas of the other two concepts.

Over tourism

It is the excessive growth of the tourism sector, which is resulting in harmful impacts on the environment, society, economy and infrastructure. The characteristics of over tourism can be unmanaged growth of tourism, unnecessary and over consumption of resources, overcrowding, cheap travel services that cause harm to the environment, cultural homogenisation and strained infrastructure of the destination. Over tourism is highly dangerous and has long lasting impact over the availability of resources, goods and services since they are being heavily exploited by the visitors (Epuran et al., 2020.p.230).

Consumption refers to the act of the acquisition of goods and services. The tourism industry is known for overconsumption and putting pressure on resources like water, energy, goods and wildlife, which is exploiting them. It is vital to regulate the consumption of services and resources for preserving nature and supporting the idea of sustainability. There are three major types of consumption, namely: Mass consumption, Overconsumption and Unsustainable Consumption which cause harm to tourism practices, and lead to excessive resource usage and environmental harm.

The impacts of overconsumption include waste generation, global warming, resource depletion and loss of local identity and originality of the destination.

Wicked Problem

Over tourism can be considered a wicked problem, since it is complex and interconnected with several other factors which do not offer any clear solution. It requires continuous actions, changes in practices, collaborative measures, and adaptive responses from the tourists (Richardson, 2021.). It involves multiple stakeholders (government, society, tourism firms etc.) who are responsible for the expansion and continuation of the ongoing situation of over-tourism. The only certain and achievable solution to this scenario is the implementation of strict regulations and guidelines regarding tourism practices, proper resource and waste management, and most importantly, the education of people since these initiatives are of no use if people are not aware of the seriousness of the threat that it can pose over the environment and society.

The range of Tourism Impacts

There is a range of tourism impacts which varies from sector to sector and has a positive as well as a negative side to it. The third law of Newton applies in every area of life. In this case, also, it can also be said that every action has an equal and opposite reaction, which is why as an enjoyable and ecstatic experience comes with tourism, there is also a harmful situation hovering over the society (León-Gómez et al., 2021.p.2270).

• Economic Impacts: Positive impacts are that it largely contributes to job creation, generating revenue and supporting the economy of the country. It improves infrastructure and expands foreign exchange earnings. The negative impact of it is inflation, over-dependence on tourism for economic boost, unequal distribution of benefits and vulnerability to seasonal fluctuations.

• Environmental Impacts: It is promoting conservation, protected areas management, spreading environmental awareness and making people shift towards sustainable practices. The downside of this is increasing pollution and greenhouse gases, destruction of habitats, resource depletion and waste management issues.

• Societal Impacts: The advantages that come out of it are cultural exchange, community involvement, heritage preservation and awareness. But it is also resulting in cultural mixing, disruption of local communities and social inequality.

Difference between Sustainable Tourism and Mass Tourism

Sustainable tourism encourages responsible travel practices, and measures for protecting the environment, promotes respect towards local culture and heritage, and drives with the force of community engagement which brings economic benefits for the residents (Baloch et al., 2023.pp.5917-5930). The major factor that differentiates it from mass tourism is that it is low-impact and small-scale tourism, so it does not degrade the environment like mass tourism practices. The main focus of sustainable tourism lies in the quality and not the quantity. It believes in offering a more peaceful and serene experience to a small number of people, which will maintain a balance between the quality of tourism and the quality of the environment.

Routes from London to Goa

Several airlines operate frequent flights to Goa from London. They are non-stop as well as connecting flights. The distance to be covered is 7595km/4719 miles. The need is to plan the journey accordingly by aligning time and budget to get the best deal.

For direct flights – The London Gatwick Airport (LGW) offers direct flights to Goa. These are seasonal flights and are operated by British and Qatar Airways. Air India also offers one of the fastest flights along this route. The shortest flight time is 12 hours and 25 minutes (Gupta et al, 2023.pp.645-659). The prices for these flights vary from airline to airline but the average cost is GBP 845-900 for economy class and GBP 2000-2300 for business class.

For connecting flights – Most of the flights from London Heathrow Airport (LHR) offer one-stop flights to Goa, their usual stop being Mumbai or Delhi, since these are the major airports that handle a maximum number of international flights. These flights can cost up to GBP 550- 675 for economy class and GBP 2000-4000 for business class for one-way tickets for a single adult.

Wildlife, Adventure and Environmental Tourism in Goa

As much as the destination is celebrated for the stunning beaches and party culture, it also offers a bundle of great wildlife sanctuaries, a large variety of flora and fauna, beautiful nature and several adventurous activities to experience. This report shall bring out the natural beauty of Goa (Kumari, 2021. pp.12-16).

• Adventurous activities in Goa

• Scuba Diving in Malvan

• Sunset Kayaking at Mandrem Beach

• Trek to Todo Waterfalls

• Rafting at Valpoi River

• Flyboarding at Morjim

• Environment and Wildlife Beauty

• Butterfly Sanctuary and Spice Plantation is a conservation project which consists of a rooftop garden and a rainwater harvesting system.

• Bondla, Netravali and Cotigao wildlife sanctuaries to explore the biodiversity and watch various types of species of animals.

• The Western Ghats also known as the Sahyadris in Goa are the widest range of forests extending to 3702 kilometres till the state of Karnataka. It is home to several unique species of trees.

• Divar Island offers an experience of old-world charm through paddy fields, ancient temples and beautiful churches, one can reach there by ferry.

• Kali Tiger Reserve is the place where many species of tigers have been preserved and can be an exciting place to visit for wildlife enthusiasts (SomyaTakuli and Takuli, 2022).

Impacts of Wildlife Tourism on Goa

There are several positive as well as negative impacts of all kinds of tourism on the environment, society and economy. The ultimate goal is to maximise the positive ones and minimise the negative impacts of it as much as it is possible.

• Positive Impacts

• Conservation Efforts – The biggest positive impact of wildlife tourism is that it supports conservation initiatives for natural habitats and various species of birds and animals. This way the tourism industry is also expanding and the environment and biodiversity are also protected.

Goa Forest Department has found that there has been a 25% increase in Olive Ridley Turtles nesting sites and a 30% increase in bird species in Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary.

• Educational opportunities – This is a great way to raise awareness about wildlife conservation and learn about different species of plants and animals and their life cycle. It encourages environmental education.

The Tourism Department of Goa stated that wildlife tourism generates approximately 450 crores INR annually to support Goa’s economy (?em?a and Szromek, 2021.p.202).

• Economic Benefits – Since the rise of eco-tourism, wildlife tourism and community-led tourism, there has been a large hike in the employment areas for local communities which helps generate more revenue to support their lives.

80% of tourists report increased awareness about wildlife conservation.

• Cultural harmony – It enhances the cultural understanding between tourists and local communities.

• Promotes Eco-friendly practices – through wildlife and ecotourism, one can adopt sustainable practices in daily life and promote environmental health.

• Negative Impacts

• Over tourism – Now that wildlife tourism has come into trend, a large number of people are interested in exploring these places, which is resulting in excessive tourism and is putting pressure on the infrastructure and the natural resources.

• Habitat disruption – Increased human presence in such sensitive areas has led to disturbed habitats and natural behaviours.

• Wildlife exploitation – If tourism is not managed and regulated properly, it can lead to animal exploitation and harassment which completely contradicts the motive of the promotion of wildlife tourism (Xu and Zhao, 2023.p.103531).

• Pollution – The biggest drawback of any tourism can be pollution and waste generation due to several tourism activities. Waste management is highly necessary to minimise the negative impacts of tourism.

Key Stakeholders and their Corporate Social Responsibility

Key Stakeholders	Objectives	CSR Initiatives	Vision
Goa Tourism Department	Implementing sustainable tourism and improve infrastructure	Ecotourism development, employment for local communities, waste management	Promoting responsible tourism for a sustainable and secure future.
Travel Corporation of India	Practice sustainable Tourism for the growth and development of the country	Environmental conservation and support to the local communities	Expand ecotourism activities while ensuring enhanced customer experience
Goa Hotel Association	To offer excellence in hospitality, sustainability and community development	Eco-friendly services, community engagement, training for sustainability	Improve service standards and increase member benefits for environment friendly behaviour

Challenges to Implementing Sustainability in Tourism

There are several challenges in implementing and continuing an initiative for the greater cause (Rao and Saksena, 2021.p.100016). It is vital to not get affected by these obstacles and to find a way around to overcome the challenges and fulfil the responsibility towards the environment.

• Economic Challenges – To implement sustainable tourism, initially a high investment is required for building suitable infrastructure. It is also a tough job to balance the economic benefits with the environmental and social costs.

• Environmental Challenges – Resource depletion is a primary obstacle, as it is difficult to manage limited resources like water, energy and land for tourism. Pollution and waste generation generally come along with tourism and efficient management is required to reduce the loss of biodiversity of the habitats.

• Rules and Regulations – The biggest challenge in implementing sustainability in tourism is the lack of effective regulations and policies. There must be a strict policy framework for sustainable tourism and monitoring systems for tracking their implementation.

• Technology Challenges – There are very limited options for sustainable transportation to reduce pollution (Samal and Dash, 2023.pp.1-20). Inadequate recycling facilities for effective waste and resource management. Insufficient digital infrastructure for sustainable tourism management is also a hindrance in the path of sustainability in tourism.

To overcome these challenges, it is required to spread awareness and educate residents and tourists about the necessity to adopt sustainable tourism practices. Training the tourism professionals for the same and collaborating with the local communities. Develop and enforce rules and policies to govern tourism practices and ensure sustainability in every sector. Evaluate the progress at a regular interval and also encourage responsible tourist behaviour. Promote innovation and creativity in sustainable tourism.

Resource Depletion Issue concerning Eaze Travels and Tours Pvt Ltd

One of the most concerning issues of sustainability is resource depletion which is being faced by many businesses in the tourism industry. This study will focus on the Eaze Travels and Tours Pvt Ltd business regarding the resource depletion issue in Goa. It will also discuss the key challenges faced in addressing this issue (Hehir et al., 2023.pp.1271-1291).

Eaze Travels and Tours Pvt Ltd is a private company located in South Goa which offers transport, storage and communications services and plays a major role in the tourism industry of Goa. It is a firm providing all domestic and international travel needs with exclusive packages and offers. It is one of the leading tour operators in Goa and faces challenges of resource depletion which is a major factor impacting its sustainability and revenue.

Major Resource Depletion Areas:

• Water Scarcity – The Goa Water Resources Department found that there was a 30% increase in water consumption by the tourism industry of Goa from 2019 to 2022. This has impacted Eaze Tours as it is increasing the cost implication for arranging water to meet their daily needs, which can add up to around 50000 INR per month.

• Energy Consumption – The Electricity Department of Goa has noted a 25% rise in the consumption of energy due to the expanding tourism sector in Goa (Zhang et al., 2022.p.e02074). This adds up to increased electricity charges as it is a very essential resource for any business.

• Waste Generation – Goa Pollution Control Board noticed an increase of around 40% in waste generation associated with tourism industry. This has led to more cost add up for managing their waste effectively.

Challenges in Addressing Resource Depletion Issues

• Lack of Finances – High costs of implementation of sustainable practices.

• Lack of Awareness – There is not a proper understanding of the long-term effects of resource depletion.

• Law Enforcement – Policies and rules must be legally enforced to get the businesses and public to adapt the sustainable practices.

To reduce the extra costs associated with the availability of resources, Eaze Tours must implement strategies to overcome the resource depletion issue. These may include mindful utilisation of water and energy while keeping most of the focus on their conservation and in the case of energy, they can also switch to renewable sources of energy for maximum effect (Khan et al., 2020.p.1618). They must track their daily usage to monitor and regulate them as per the requirement. The company must also educate their staff and encourage proper resource management by appreciating them for following sustainable activities. All these initiatives will help the company to be more cost-effective, and improve its reputation as they are following its corporate social responsibility of sustainable and mindful use of resources to contribute to Goa's vision of sustainable tourism development.

CONCLUSION

This case study can be concluded with a few key findings that involve the significance of tourism management and implementing sustainability in tourism. It has also defined the interrelationship between sustainability, ecotourism and ethical tourism. The report has discussed various critical topics namely, Overtourism, the range of impacts of tourism, wildlife tourism and the challenges of implementing sustainable practices in tourism.

The report was mainly focused on the tourist destination of Goa in India, highlighting the beauty of wildlife and environment tourism and adventure sports for adrenaline enthusiasts in Goa. The destination is packed with a large number of beaches, forests, wildlife sanctuaries and other natural habitats that manage to attract a lot of tourists at the place, expanding the tourism industry at a fast pace. But with this great success comes greater responsibilities and challenges. The destination is now facing an issue of resource depletion and the case study has talked about a travel company named Eaze Travels and Tours Pvt Ltd which has been facing the consequences of resource depletion. It is still not too late, and the situation can be handled and taken under control by religiously applying some resource conservation practices in routine to deal with the issue and save the resources for future generations.

Resource Depletion due to tourism in Goa is threatening the idea of sustainability and due to this, the tourism firms are also facing difficulties in managing their needs with limited resources while also meeting the sustainability criteria and maintaining their profitability. Another factor is that the growth of the tourism industry is surpassing the speed of the infrastructure development in Goa, which is also resulting in resource depletion as there is not enough developed infrastructure for regular implementation of sustainable practices.

Recommendations to address the issue of Resource Depletion can include conducting a resource assessment audit to analyse the utilisation of the resources and developing sustainability policies and action plans. Implementing conservation measures such as rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling, low-flow fixtures in the plumbing facilities of hotels, staff training and customer awareness regarding conservation of resources can also play a major role in controlling the issue. For energy conservation, smart technology like an energy management system (EMS) can be used to automatically adjust the usage based on occupancy, energy efficient appliances should be used and using solar power. Introducing waste management and recycling programs.

The broader and long-term view of this can include investing in eco-transportation that will cause comparatively less pollution. Develop and promote ecotourism packages with offers to attract tourists and make them opt for sustainable tourism. The leading stakeholders and other authorities can also collaborate with environmental organisations to make tourism more sustainable and overcome the challenges and difficulties caused due to the expansion of the tourism industry. The Government of Goa is already developing guidelines for sustainable tourism policy and all these measures align with this future vision if followed by the T, these small changes can bring a huge change in the environment and society.

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