Impact and Development of Tourism

The case study aims to establish the sustainable issues with adventure tourism in Thailand and Laos while making recommendations for the mitigation of the problems within the framework of CSR in the tourism industry. This will include defining key concepts such as tourism impacts, sustainable development, ecotourism, and ethical tourism; the source of origin of sustainable tourism; and an analysis of the impacts both negative and positive of tourism at the chosen destination. Of particular relevance is this study's aspiration to delineate certain sustainable issues surrounding adventure tourism in Thailand and Laos, along with the implementation of a practical strategy on how to address such issues to contribute to a more sustainable tourism industry (Panbamrungkij and Swangchan-Uthai, 2021).

2. Definitions

Tourism Impacts

Tourism impacts refer to the effects that tourism activities have on the environment, society, culture, and economy of a particular destination (Uslu, Alagöz, and Güne?, 2020). These impacts are either positive or negative depending on how tourism occurs. Tourism can, for example, create employment and increase the economies of local communities, however, this also places stress on natural resources with subsequent environmental degradation. A positive tourism impact is evidenced by the economic growth of local communities around Chiang Mai in Thailand through increased international tourists.

Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is considered to mean meeting today's needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Tomislav, 2018). In tourism, sustainable development means assured execution and management of tourism without damaging the environment and at the same time generating social and economic benefits. One good example is the community-based tourism project in Thailand, which focuses on tourism intended to realise economic benefits while protecting natural environments as well as the cultural resources of locals.

Ecotourism

Ecotourism is defined as sustainable tourism activities that bring visitors into contact with natural areas that may make them enjoy and appreciate the environment, and promote conservation, low-impact tourism, and socio-economic benefits to local communities (Belias et al., 2019). The idea is to create awareness about the conservation of natural resources among tourists. For instance, Khao Sok National Park in Thailand is the best example of eco-tours where adventurous tourists are challenged to explore the differences in flora and fauna with indirect support to the conservation efforts and education on environmental stewardship among visitors.

Ethical Tourism

Ethical tourism is responsible travel which takes into account the effects of tourism activities on local communities, cultures, and environment (Koš?ak and O’Rourke, 2023). It should aim to minimise negative impacts, such as exploitation or cultural insensitivity while maximising positive contributions to the host destination. This can be by, for example, spending money on local-owned businesses rather than multinational corporations, where the local population benefits from the earnings.

3. Introduction to the Selected Destination and Tourism Product

This case study is conducted on adventure tourism in Thailand and Laos with special reference to the "Thailand and Laos Adventure" tour, which has become popular due to a variety of options that range from trekking to river cruises, wildlife opportunities, and cultural exploration. Adventure tourism is one of the niche markets, and large numbers of travellers are interested in this tourist product due to its inclusion of aspects like physical activity nature, and culture (Lötter and Welthagen, 2020). Thailand and Laos provide the ideal context for an adventure tourism stakeholder, given that these countries have beautiful landscapes, rich biodiversity, and powerful cultural heritage.

4. Case Study Summary

This case study starts by defining key concepts that relate to tourism and sustainability to build a theoretical base for analysis: tourism impacts, sustainable development, ecotourism, and ethical tourism. It continues to discuss the formation and development of sustainable tourism and its theories and ideas on over-tourism, consumption, and the "Wicked Problem" arising from complex challenges to sustainability in tourism. The section continues as a distinction is made between sustainable tourism and mass tourism.

Thus, the case study goes on and explains the specific characteristic nature of adventure tourism in Thailand and Laos, outlines the available travel routes for the destination, characteristics of adventure tourism at this destination, positive and negative tourism impacts in the region, major stakeholders in the tourism industry, CSR activities they pursue, their future goals, and strategies on keeping sustainable tourism in the region.

The next section discusses the challenges involved in implementing sustainable tourism but with a particular focus on a significant sustainable issue affecting adventure tourism in Thailand and Laos. This sustainable issue will then be discussed in detail as well as the challenges faced by stakeholders when trying to address the problem.

Chapter 2: Origin of Sustainable Tourism

1. Origin of Sustainable Tourism

Origin of sustainable tourism traces back to growing environmental awareness and negative consequences of tourism development that arose during the latter half of the 20th century (Richardson, 2021). Mass tourism developed extremely rapidly in the 1960s and 1970s. This, in the absence of proper regulations, led to serious environmental degradation, cultural erosion, and socio-economic disparities in several tourist destinations. This situation led to debates on the issue of whether tourism could be managed in a way that causes less damage but still yields economic benefits for local communities.

The Brundtland Report published in 1987 did much to popularise the concept of sustainable development, which defines it as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This report is the bedrock for sustainable tourism, arguing that economic growth will be supported by environmental conservation and social equity. It was approximately around the early 1990s that sustainable tourism became a specific approach aimed at integrating principles of sustainable development into the planning and management of tourism activities.

From the very beginning of its development, sustainable tourism has received support from international organisations, such as the United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), in organising and coordinating efforts in defining standards, best practice promotion, and policies leading toward sustainability policies for governments and businesses. Presently, sustainable tourism is strongly acknowledged as a critical component of responsible travel, whereby tourism remains sustainable in bringing greater benefits without causing permanent damage to the environment, culture, or society of the host destination.

2. Relationship Between Sustainability, Ecotourism, and Ethical Tourism

Sustainability, ecotourism, and responsible tourism are conceptually connected, yet they focus on bringing together the best benefits of tourism by emphasising environmental, cultural, and social advantages, ranging from one another. Each of the approaches or perspectives leans on the concept of responsible travel and similarly works towards sustainable tourism but in differing aspects.

Sustainability in tourism refers to the need to strike a balance between the economic, social, and environmental aspects of tourism development so that the practice of tourism does not drain resources or cause serious long-term damage. Sustainability tends toward long-range planning and management (Simandan, 2019). Better distribution of the benefits of tourism and minimising the negative impacts appear as a product of careful regulation and monitoring.

Ecotourism represents a special form of sustainable tourism whereby tourists visit the natural area to enjoy and appreciate it in ways that help to conserve the environment and benefit the local people directly and indirectly. Ecotourism focuses on low-impact activities, environmental education, as well as participation by and benefits to local communities. It is especially concerned with the maintenance of natural ecosystems and wildlife but simultaneously creates opportunities for tourists to learn about conservation efforts and the value of protecting natural resources.

Ethical Tourism is a related concept that emphasises ensuring tourism is practiced in a way respectful to local culture, community, and environment (Nicolaides, 2020). Ethical tourism refers to tourism characterised by social and moral responsibility in the context, requiring responsible behaviour from both tourists and businesses. This could involve a bit of buying into locally-owned businesses and injecting much-needed hard cash into their economies, respecting cultural norms and traditions, and avoiding vicious practices that harm or exploit animals, humans, or the environment.

3. Overtourism, Consumption, and the Wicked Problem

Overtourism refers to a situation whereby the number of tourists in a destination exceeds its capacity to handle them, thereby causing undesired impacts on the environment, infrastructure, and local communities (Mandi? and Markovi? Vukadin, 2021). Such a situation has been witnessed many times in popular tourist destinations around the globe. For instance, multitudes of tourists like those in Bangkok, Thailand, result in putting pressure on the resources available locally, causing overcrowding, and heavy environmental damage. Overtourism creates many problems, including pollution, habitat destruction, and poor quality of life for residents.

Consumption tourism is a colloquial term that attempts to define the tourists' appropriation of resources such as water, energy, and food (Jørgensen, 2019). Tourism is, by definition, a consuming activity that uses natural, cultural, and social resources for visitor experiences. However, unsustainable consumption patterns can lead to resource depletion, environmental degradation, and increased waste generation. For example, to meet the demand for luxury accommodations and facilities for visitors, water and energy supply can be overused, and there is an increase in waste generation.

A Wicked Problem is a concept to defines a complex, multifaceted problem that defies easy solutions because of the interrelations and various interests of the multiple stakeholders involved (Pforr et al., 2024). Sustainable tourism is often categorised as a wicked problem when dealing with the diversity of tourist, community, business, and government needs and expectations. For instance, managing the crisis of over-tourism in Thailand involves integrating all the variables of economic benefits from tourism, the need to protect the environment, and the need to enhance the quality of life for its residents.

4. Range of Tourism Impacts

They can be either positive or negative and may be associated with the environment, social changes, culture, and the economic effects that take place in the destination. The following table explains the positive and negative impacts of tourism.

Category	Positive Impacts	Negative Impacts
Environmental	- Promotes conservation and protection of natural areas (Dawson, Martin, and Danielsen, 2018). - Raises awareness about environmental issues.	- Causes habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity. - Contributes to pollution and waste generation.
Economic	- Generates income and employment opportunities for local communities. - Encourages investment in infrastructure.	- Leads to economic dependence on tourism. - Increases the cost of living for residents (Martín Martín, Guaita Martínez, and Salinas Fernández, 2018).
Social	- Promotes cultural exchange and understanding between tourists and locals. - Supports community development through tourism revenues.	- Disrupts local communities and their daily lives. - Can lead to increased crime and social inequality.
Cultural	- Helps preserve cultural heritage and traditions through tourism revenue. - Encourages the revitalisation of traditional crafts and practices.	- Leads to the commodification of culture. - Causes loss of cultural identity due to tourism-driven changes.

5. Sustainable Tourism vs. Mass Tourism

There are two different approaches to tourism development, namely sustainable tourism and mass tourism, having different principles and impacts on destinations in different ways.

The principle of sustainable tourism is to prevent any depletion of resources or significant harm to the environment, society, or culture at the destination (Pani?, Pavlakovi?, and Koš?ak, 2019). It aims for a balancing act between the economic advantages created by tourism and the costs to be placed at the level of environmental protection and social equality. Some practices of sustainable tourism include controlling the number of tourists in one place to avoid over-tourism, community-based tourism, and responsible tourist and business behaviour.

Mass tourism, on the other hand, means a large number of tourists visiting a destination with minimal consideration for the long-term impact on the environment or the native people (Moon and Batle, 2018). Mass tourism can be typically described as package tours, big resort accommodations, and mass-market products emphasising profitability over sustainability. Mass tourism is concentrated on a large number of visitors and on achieving as much as possible to maximise revenue without consideration for environmental and social well-being.

It reflects, for instance, on the management of tourism in Thailand. Mass tourism leads to overcrowding, pollution, and habitat destruction in these popular hotspots like Phuket. On the other hand, sustainable tourism promotes responsible travel of tourists to less crowded destinations like Chiang Mai. Taking a sustainable approach would thus ensure tourism acted for the good of the visitors and host communities.

Chapter Three: The Nature of the Selected Destination

1. Travel Routes from the UK to the Selected Destination

In this chapter, the selected destination: Koh Samui, Thailand, will be addressed, giving attention to different travel routes from the UK, summarising the chosen kind of tourism, evaluating the impacts and effects of tourism, and identifying key tourism stakeholders.

There are various routes traveling to Koh Samui from the UK, each having travel times and costs different (Guides, 2018). The most common route is by flight from London Heathrow or Manchester Airport to Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Airport followed by a domestic flight to Samui International Airport. Major airlines, Thai Airways, British Airways, and Qatar Airways, fly to Bangkok, averaging 11 to 13 hours in flight time depending upon the airline and layover. From Bangkok it is about one hour 15 minutes flight local, although airlines such as Bangkok Airways operate frequently.

Flights prices are dependent on time of year, airline and book time. Flights from London into Koh Samui vary on average from £600 to £1,200, although last minute price tag payers still drive up the prices, along with peak season. Travellers can also take alternative routes, which involve flying from Bangkok to Surat Thani Airport and then a bus and ferry transfer to Koh Samui. This is much longer than other options but could be cheaper; generally, prices work out at around £400-£700.

There are also indirect routes that involve layovers in cities such as Doha, Dubai, or Singapore. However, the travel time on these routes can be even more, but you can visit multiple destinations on the route. The cost for these kinds of routes is usually around the same price as direct routes, so it's a popular option for multi-destination trips.

2. Chosen Type of Tourism in Koh Samui

Ecotourism in Koh Samui: Like Koh Samui, ecotourism is as well-known. However, a major focus within the tourism industry in Koh Samui can be said to be centered around ecotourism. Ecotourism within Koh Samui centers on the area's natural attractions, including rainforests, beaches, and marine ecosystems that feature abundant species. Among the ecotourism activities encouraged within the island include guided nature treks, tours to wildlife sanctuaries, and snorkelling and diving in protected coral reefs.

Ecotourism projects are in alignment with creating real, environment-friendly tourism that supports local conservation missions. So, the visit to Ang Thong National Marine Park provides, after all, the opportunity to get acquainted with the site while becoming acutely aware of the need to protect such ecosystems. Nature-based tourism is directed at what Koh Samui needs to lessen the negative impacts of mass tourism on its fragile environment.

Ecotourism efforts in Koh Samui also fall under this category as they support local communities (Selivanov, 2020). Many ecotourism tour operators have formed alliance contracts with local communities to provide genuine cultural activities like traditional Thai cooking, craft workshops, and visits to local markets. These activities create economic opportunity for the residents of Koh Samui as well as enhance the local culture's exposure to tourists.

3. Key Tourist Impacts at Koh Samui

In Koh Samui, the impacts of tourism on the environment, economy, and locality are both positive and negative. Such impacts are summarised here:

Positive Impacts:

Economic Benefits: The economy of Koh Samui benefits significantly from tourism. There is large-scale revenue and employment generation in industries like hospitality, transportation, and retail businesses. Tourism income helps to enhance the livelihoods of people and businesses and develops infrastructure.
Increased Environmental Awareness and Conservation: The development of sectors in ecotourism, all sources of conservation. Key among these are the conservation initiatives in Koh Samui that have boosted environmental awareness through the adoption of reduced plastic waste and wildlife support by tourism operators.
Preservation of Culture: Tourism fosters the preservation of Koh Samui's culture (Praneetham, 2020). The island's traditional art forms, cultural performances, and religious festivals are promoted as part of the tourist experience with great incentive to preserve and celebrate the island's cultural identity.

Negative Impacts:

Environmental Degradation: Even though there has been a high emphasis on ecotourism, rapid tourism development has become an alarming environmental factor, for example, deforestation, coral reef degradation, and pollution (Sadeghian, 2019). The habitats of the places are destroyed by the construction of hotels and resorts, whereas the entry of tourists has put pressure on local water and waste management systems.
Overcrowding and Overtourism: Koh Samui has become very popular, resulting in overcrowding during the peak seasons. It includes increased traffic congestion, noise pollution, and putting pressure on the local infrastructure. Overtourism also creates controversy among the tourists and the locals due to the particular interference of the growing tourist presence in their way of life.
Cultural Commodification: Tourism has led to the commodification of Koh Samui's culture; on the contrary, some traditional activities become modified or commercialised for fulfilling tourists' demands. Therefore, authenticity and cultural practices avoidance where they are not economically viable may be lost.

4. Key Tourism Stakeholders in Koh Samui

Stakeholder	Corporate Social Responsibility	Future Aims, Objectives, and Vision
Local Government	Implementing policies for sustainable tourism development. Monitoring environmental regulations and enforcing conservation laws (Mandi?, 2020).	Promote sustainable tourism initiatives. Ensure balanced economic growth and environmental protection.
Tourism Businesses	Reducing environmental impact through sustainable practices, such as waste reduction and energy conservation. Supporting local communities by employing residents and sourcing products locally.	Expand eco-friendly offerings. Enhance the quality of tourist experiences while reducing negative impacts.
NGOs	Raising awareness about environmental and social issues related to tourism. Providing support for conservation projects and community initiatives.	Advocate for sustainable tourism practices. Facilitate community-based tourism projects that benefit local residents.
Local Communities	Preserving cultural heritage through tourism activities. Participating in tourism planning and decision-making processes.	Maintain cultural identity while benefiting from tourism revenue. Enhance community well-being through equitable tourism development.

Chapter Four: Obstacles in the Implementation of Sustainability in Tourism

Challenges to the implementation of sustainable tourism around the world: Koh Samui is not an exception. Increasing sensitivities toward unsustainable practices are seen nowadays, but the balance that tourism growth and economic profit must achieve with environmental protection proves challenging. This chapter illustrates current common issues of problems with sustainable tourism development and discusses a certain case of sustainability challenge a Koh Samui tourism business has to deal with.

1. Typical Obstacles to Sustainable Tourism

Economic Agenda vs. Sustainability

One of the biggest challenges in implementing sustainable tourism is that financial gain becomes the primary priority before environmental and social considerations (Pan et al., 2018). Tourism generally forms the lifeblood for many destinations, including Koh Samui. These places often tend to generate high profits due to their tourist revenue, leading to an increase in numbers of visitors and consequently more infrastructure, which translates to more environmental degradation. The associated costs of sustainability initiatives make investors and other stakeholders reluctant to invest in such initiatives, especially if short-term profits are considered over long-term sustenance.

Weak Regulatory Framework and Mechanisms

The biggest challenge associated with the implementation of sustainable tourism is the weakness of a regulatory framework and mechanisms. While the existence of laws and policies that uphold responsible tourism practices is prudent, enforcement usually remains patchy. This absence of enforcement allows unsustainable practices such as unapproved construction, waste disposal, and overuse of natural resources to flourish. In Koh Samui, the regulatory policies concerning waste management and the conservation of natural resources on the island are not very sound, especially in maintaining an environment free from pollution, as well as in conservation efforts with existing habitats.

Non-Efficient Interaction between Stakeholders

Ensuring cooperation among stakeholders is critical in sustainable tourism, ranging from government authorities and operators of tourism businesses to NGOs and local communities. Nevertheless, most of the time a lack of coordination and different interests commonly provide obstacles for effective implementation. Commonly, diverse goals will be found among the stakeholders—governments sometimes focusing on economic growth, businesses on profit, and the community also often focusing on the preservation of cultures.

Overtourism and Carrying Capacity

Another challenge that comes with implementing sustainable tourism is over tourism, where the number of visitors exceeds the carrying capacity of a particular destination. Overtourism translates to increased pressure on local resources, degradation of natural habitats, and reduction in the quality of life for residents. Out of all these problems, tourist overcrowding has been the biggest issue because it leads to traffic, scarcity of water supply, and overloading of waste management facilities.

Limited Awareness and Education

Another challenge to the implementation of sustainable tourism is a lack of awareness and education among tourists, tourism operators, and local communities. Travellers would not understand the importance of sustainable tourism practices, and the tourism industry would be ignorant of the sustainability practices that should be adopted. In addition, the local communities may not understand the long-term benefits of the sustainability programs implemented. Stakeholders need to be sensitised on the need and benefits of sustainable tourism practices in addressing this problem.

High Costs and Limited Resources

Sustainable tourism practices are expensive and hence a limitation to many tourism operators, who are mostly small-scale enterprises (Lama and Rai, 2021). For instance, the technologies considered to be ecological entail high capital costs, such as waste reduction and renewable energy promotion. The financial constraints faced by limited resources and sustainability funds for programs to back the tourism operators in Koh Samui make adopting sustainable practices, as well as sustaining them, challenging.

2. Sustainable Issue at a Tourism Business in Koh Samui

One of the most pressing sustainable issues is waste management in Koh Samui, especially considering it is a resort at a large scale and a demonstration of issues to be tackled concerning environmental impacts. The tourist volumes have reached a saturation point that creates solid waste and stresses waste disposal on this island. A specific resort in Koh Samui, which is the location of luxury tourists, suffers from problems of waste generation and disposal, among others, including plastic, food waste, and litter in general.

Key Problems Faced in Waste Management

Lack of Waste Management Infrastructure

The most significant problem that the resort faces in implementing sustainable waste management is the absence of proper waste management infrastructure in Koh Samui. The major limitation of waste disposal facilities on the island is that most of the waste is transported to the mainland for disposal. Such dependency on other waste management facilities makes it difficult for the resort to efficiently handle large volumes of waste produced by their guests.

No Waste Segregation and Recycling

The hotel is also not able to find ways to encourage waste segregation and recycling. Although many measures are carried out to recycle wastes, there is usually a failure from guests and staff members, whereby non-recyclable wastes among others ensue. Guests develop their recycling behaviours and may not know the right ways, and neither the staff members are equipped for proper waste segregation. There is also a shortage of recycling facilities on the island, which narrows the scope for processing recyclable materials.

Expensive Solutions

One major drawback is that such sustainable solutions for waste management are very costlier to implement. Eco-friendly technologies used for both food waste composting systems as well as plastic alternatives prove to be very costlier to install. Transporting waste to the mainland to dispose of properly becomes quite an expensive affair to bring waste from the resort, thus adding to the operational cost. These high costs make it hard for the resort fully to commit to sustainable practices of waste management, especially when working under undue pressure to meet the profit maximisation put forward through economic pressure.

Guest Expectations vs. Sustainability

The resort has been observing an uphill battle in trying to merge what guests expect to come and experience in a luxury resort along with its sustainability goals. Guests visit luxury resorts in quest of comfort and the convenience that these facilities offer. This usually translates to high consumption levels and subsequently high waste generation. Strict policies of banning single-use plastics or restricting the supply of disposable services may be opposed by guests who consider them as part of their experience. The resort has to, therefore, assess which of these expectations merge with the desire for waste reduction.

Seasonal Variations in Waste Generation

Tourism in Koh Samui is highly seasonal. This has brought great volumes of waste during high seasons when there is an influx of tourists into the resort. At such times, collection and disposal of larger volumes of waste further burdened the resort with more tasks in maintaining the volume of waste produced. Seasonality also presents a challenge for human and waste collection resources, which are under pressure and fail to keep up in the peak season.

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Tourism Impact and Development Management