Tourism Impacts and Sustainable Development

To discover the positive and negative tourism impacts of the Goa Carnival on the local community, environment, and economy.
To observe how sustainable development principles can be integrated into tourism practices related to the Goa Carnival.
To evaluate the role of ecotourism and ethical tourism in mitigating the negative impacts of the Goa Carnival.
To suggest a comprehensive CSR strategy to address sustainability challenges at the Goa Carnival and ensure long-term benefits for Goa’s tourism sector.

Definition of Key Concepts

Tourism Impacts: Tourism impacts therefore involve effects, both positive and negative, that arise from tourism activities on the economy, environment, culture and society of the receiving destination. The benefits of tourism are: increase in revenue, employment opportunities and the maintenance / promotion of culture. For instance the Goan carnival has an effect on the Goa’s economy by bringing in thousands of people to the region which in a way boost sectors such as hospitality and retail. On the negative lead, there are issues of environmental pollution, congestion and pollution of the physical environment during the Carnival. According to the records in 2023 the generation of the wastes was noted to have increased greatly through the disposable plastics that were used during the occasions (Mason. 2020).

Sustainable Development: Sustainable development can therefore be described as the development that exists to meet the wants of current generations, without undermining the capacity of the subsequent generations to meet their own aspirations in life. Currently sustainable development means possibility of achieving the profit for the touristic cycle and to maintain and improve the quality of the environment and of the population. The Goa Carnival is eligible to constitute stumpy tomes of sustainable development by producing income and promoting cultural pride, paying a price for livelihoods and cultural production but for the challenges of waste management of the resources employed. An example of sustainable development would be encouraging costantianable waste disposal and recycling during Carnival or using eco-friendly products during Carnival (Ozili, 2022).

Ecotourism: This means that, ecotourism only encompasses visits to normal areas which are environmentally sound and preserve the people’s standard of living, this is associated with interpretation and education. This can be described as a kind of ecotourism that has least impact on natural environment and is supportive to the locals. Its true that the Goa Carnival is not exactly an environmental or nature based carnival but still elements of ecotourism can be incorporated into this carnival like arranging nature friendly tours of the beaches and the wildlife sanctuaries of Goa along with the carnival. A clear example of ecotourism in Goa would be a promotion of eco-sightseeing tours in the bio diverse regions of the state to reign in the tourism impact on the environment and to promote the sustainability of the ecosystems (Pujar and Mishra, 2021).

Ethical Tourism: Ethical tourism may be defined as tourism that is done in an equitable manner that encourage responsible attitudes towards people and environment. It ranges from the active choice of products that help the local communities, appreciate the local cultures, or have the least potential to harm the environment. the Goa Carnival viewed as the major cultural event, raises the questions of ethical issue, which lies in labour rights and local artists. Tourism promotion that includes educating the tourists to buy more arts and craft from the destination and the observing fair wages for workers when event organisers at the destinations are contracted can be seen as ethical. Ethical practices during the Carnival, therefore, could involve participating in the local community tourisms keeping in mind that social and economic justice has to come with tourism income received (Winter, 2020)

Destination: Goa

Goa is a participating State in western India on the Arabian Sea coast of India and is famous for its beautiful beaches and happenings during the night session. It boasts of many things but the colourful Goa Carnival is one of the most notable events featuring floats, music, dance and fete. Originally, this event has its origin in the colonial period of Portugal, and today is one of the brightest, most famous and popular carnivals where everyone is welcomed. The Carnival being held before Lent also garners religious undertones, as well as historical meaning as a precursor to a significant religious and Christian holiday for the local Catholic people.

As for the interesting places to visit, Goa is a state with beautiful beaches, historical Catholic churches (for example, Basilica of Bom Jesus), and rich and vibrant night life. Goa carnival celebrated in cities such as Panaji, Margao, and Vasco is culturally rich and vibrant cultural festival which has distinct Indian flavour but mixes in Portuguese culture. Nevertheless, mass tourism attracted during the Carnival places certain pressure on the Goan physical, social, and natural infrastructure.

Overview of the Case Study

This forum will examine the environmental and socially sustainability aspects for the Goa Carnivals, which is a festival celebrated in the country. The Carnival’s popularity offers the state a wide variety of tourism-facilitating advantages such as economic development and visibility for Goa on an international level. But it also brings about significant undesirable effects including increased pollution through formation of dumps, increased stresses on existing infrastructure facilities, and institutional fatigue through commercialization.

This paper will submit a report on impact of tourism and will use the principle of sustainable development to explain how the negative impacts of the Carnival can be managed. It will also emphasise the need to incorporate principles of ecotourism as well as ethical tourism into the Carnival. One of the thematic priorities will be devoted to the problem of waste management, which has become acute with the growth of the number of tourists and the temporary nature of the event. In writing the report, recommendations on CSR initiative that can be implemented to see that both the local community and the environment benefit from the Carnival, one of the world’s largest events will be included.

Chapter 2

Origins of Sustainable Tourism

Sustainable tourism was born to meet the challenges that the improper development of mass tourism could cause to destination, their environment, and community. At the end of the twentieth century, with the growth of international tourism, many problems of resource depletion and environmental wastage in tourist hotspots and cultural erosion has emerged. In response, sustainable tourism has emerged with focus on both satisfying tourism demand and appropriately utilising resources in destinations to benefit both tourists and the regions in the present and future.

The idea is based on the notion advanced by the Brundtland Report of 1987 – sustainable development defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the potential of future generations to meet their own needs. In the context of tourism this means ‘developing’ tourism systems that are economically sustainable but which do not impose severe negative economic, social or environmental impacts on the host society and its environment. The pursuit of tourist dollars came to be tempered with concern for the long term welfare of both the planet’s biophysical environment and societies became known as sustainable tourism (Santos-Roldán et al., 2020).

Relationship between Sustainability, Ecotourism, and Ethical Tourism

Sustainability, ecotourism and ethical tourism are three overlapping concepts that seek to manage the negative impacts of tourism as well as enhance the tourism’s positive impacts. Sustainable tourism focuses on orderly utilisation of tourism resources in a manner that the yield is preserved for future utilisation. It approves measures in order to reduce adverse effects on the environment, optimise the use of resources, and encourage native traditions and customs (Ozili, 2022).

Ecotourism is a form of sustainable tourism concern in natural environment that sought conservation of wildlife and nature while enhancing the education of travellers and benefiting the host culture. It promotes development of sustainable tourism hence enabling travellers to undertake low impact tourism activities on ecosystem. For instance, in Goa, this concept of ecotourism may entail systematic visits to wildlife envelope, where the tourists may have an opportunity to interact on environmentally friendly tourism (Pujar and Mishra, 2021).

Ethical tourism encompasses the right practises that depict fairness and justice in tourism practises. It focuses on the concepts of responsibilities that both the tourist and the tourism businesses have to guarantee that tourist activity has positive impacts on the host society and their culture. For example, during the Goa Carnival, ethical tourism would mean that performers and craftsmen are paid adequately and that the carnivals do not vulgarize locally cherished cultures (winter, 2020)

Over tourism, Consumption, and the Wicked Problem

Over tourism: It is the point at which too many tourists visit a certain area in a given time consuming all the available resources until the destination becomes unable to cater with the flow. It frequently leads to overpopulation and defilement of the surrounding natural and historical attractions and changes the indigenous people’s way of life. With huge crowds thronging Goa during Carnival, the state has the hazard of being tagged as already over-tourism, mainly in tourist cities such as Panaji and Margao within the time of the Carnival celebration (Barbhuiya, 2021).

Consumption: According to the definition within the area of tourism, consumption is understood as the usage of natural, cultural and economic resources by the tourists. Some of the effects may include exhaustion of resources, pollute emissions and other adverse effects that affect the societies.. During celebrations such as the Goa Carnival, the consumption of such items results in several difficulties; single-use plastics, food, water resources. Neglect of the above factors results in an alarming uncontrolled consumption leading to increased environmental impact on the Carnival, The unsustainable nature of the consumption calls for increased waste management (Zhang et al., 2020).

Wicked Problem: By referring to the Wicked Problem, one is speaking of an issue that cannot be tackled by coming up with a unique and simple solution which will meet everyone’s needs. In the context of sustainable tourism scholars stated that the wicked problem is the sustainable use of the destinations as the object of tourism growth. Such a problem is Goa’s Carnival because they enhance the economic development of the state but at the same time exert pressure on the ability of the location to handle the consequences on people and the physical environment. Solving these problems implies finding syndicated approaches that would meet the needs of all the stakeholders (Lönngren and Van Poeck, 2021).

Positive and Negative Tourism Impacts

Type of Impact	Positive Impacts	Negative Impacts
Economic	Increases local economy through increased spending (Ali et al., 2021).	Raises the cost of living for local residents.
Social	Encourages cultural exchange and preservation.	Reasons social disruption and overcrowding (Scarlett, 2021).
Environmental	Inspires environmental protection through ecotourism (Kongbuamai et al., 2020)	Leads to pollution, waste, and habitat destruction.
Cultural	Develops global recognition of cultural traditions.	Risks cultural commodification and loss of authenticity (Baloch et al., 2023).

Sustainable Tourism vs. Mass Tourism

Sustainable tourism and mass tourism in particular are diametrically opposed in their attitude to the use and utilisation of tourism resources and their effects (Rhama, 2022). According to the definition of sustainable tourism it is the type of tourism that fulfils the need and wants of the customer and hosts and, at the same time, respects the integrity of the ecological system with regard to the development of tourism in order that future generations may enjoy the benefits of such development. It promotes sustainable tourism, rational use of resources and balanced generation and distribution of wealth. For instance, tourism that is environmental friendly at the time of carnival in Goa can be restricted to the certain numbers of visitors per day, use of green products and using locally made products that are fair trade certified.

This is a model that aims to bring large number of tourists and uses economic benefits as a priority over other factors and impacts on environment and other people. This approach poses threat to the environment due to inadequate space to accommodate the increasing number of tourists, and increased commodification of culture (Chen and Kong, 2021). Full scale tourism does not take into consideration the limit of tourism capacity thereby contributing to overshooting in some territories with undesirable effects on the environment and community.

At Goa Carnival the excess of Mass tourism is seen in terms of a large number of tourists visiting the carnival, non-recyclable material usage and lack of thought for the Carnival sustainability. The move from mass tourism to sustainable tourism would mean redefining how the event is held by putting into consideration the impact on the Scottish economy in the next fifty years rather than in the next fifty days. Sustainable tourism tries to achieve these economic benefits and as well protect the cultural and physical assets of the world so as to maintain the industry for other generations.

Chapter 3

Routes from the UK to Goa, India

Goa is one of the leading tourist destinations in India and there are flight connexions to several cities in the UK. The popular flights are the ones that you are likely to book from London Heathrow or Gatwick airport, Manchester or Birmingham airport to Goa Dabolim airport with the code GOI. This causes the direct airlines to be fewer than connecting ones with most of the airlines that offer them flying during the season and TUI Airways being the most recognised one (Schäfer, 2020). The flight time for a London to Goa is about 9-10 hours for a direct flight and costs an average of £400-£600 for a round trip based on the travelling season.

For connecting flights, the most preferred stop over cities are Mumbai, Dubai, or Doha where connecting airlines are Qatar Airways, Emirates and British Airways. These flights are between 12 and 16 hours in duration depending on layover time and these flights cost between £350 – £500. There is high cost when travelling to Goa during the carnival season usually in February because most people prefer to travel at this time. Getting around from the airport to most of the tourist attractions in Goa like Panaji or Calangute may take between 45 minutes to an hour depending on traffic and costs about £15- £25 for a taxi ride.

Tourism in Goa

Cultural tourism is famous in Goa and more so, the events like the annual Goa Carnival which is big events (Lopes and Hiray, 2024). Festival of Carnival is the highlight festivity of Goa and presents the aspects of its Indian and Portuguese history through music, dancing, parades, and disguised performances on the streets. Pernared before lent, in February, it brings in the domestic and international travellers and turns the Goan state into a cultural and historic place to be.

Besides the Carnival, tourists throng Goa for beaches and this state is house to some he celebrated tourist destination of the world such as Calangute, Baga, and Anjuna among others. Other related tourism attractions include heritage tourism, involving sites such as Basilica of Bom Jesus and Se Cathedral and eco-tourism involving wildlife sanctuary and Western Ghats of the state. The Carnival for instance in as much as it is cultural event, comes with disorderliness of handling crowds and at the same time, making sure that the local endearingly complex culture is not something to be trading on.

Tourist Impacts in Goa

Positive Impacts

Negative Impacts

Economic Benefits: Tourism makes significant revenue for the local economy through hospitality, retail, and services (Khan et al., 2020). The Carnival attracts thousands of visitors, increasing spending in local businesses.

Cultural Preservation: The Carnival helps encourage and preserve Goa’s unique cultural identity by showcasing its Portuguese-influenced heritage and traditional festivities.

Employment Opportunities: The tourism sector creates jobs for local residents, ranging from hotel staff to event organizers and street vendors.

Environmental Degradation: The arrival of tourists leads to increased waste generation, air pollution from transportation, and water contamination due to inadequate waste removal.

Overcrowding: Popular areas, especially around the Carnival routes, experience overcrowding, which strains local infrastructure and disrupts daily life for residents.

Cultural Erosion: The commercialization of the Carnival can dilute its cultural significance, turning it into a tourist spectacle rather than a celebration for local communities.

Key Tourism Stakeholders and their CSR

Stakeholder	Role	CSR Initiatives	Future Aims and Objectives
Goa Tourism Department	Controls tourism policies and encourages sustainable tourism	Encourages eco-friendly tourism initiatives, waste management, and awareness campaigns	To advance sustainable tourism infrastructure and reduce carbon footprints.
Local Businesses	Offer accommodation, food, and entertainment services	Support local artisans, use eco-friendly materials, and promote cultural tourism	To integrate more sustainable practices in daily operations and reduce plastic use.
Event Organizers	Manage Carnival activities and ensure smooth operation (Allen et al., 2022)	Implement waste management during events and reduce single-use plastics	To create zero-waste events and promote responsible tourism behaviour.
NGOs/Environmental Groups	Promoter for environmental protection and sustainable tourism	Engage in clean-up drives, reforestation, and community engagement	To increase awareness on sustainable tourism and strengthen environmental policies.
Local Community	Directly involved in tourism and cultural events	Contributes in eco-tourism and cultural preservation programs	To promote cultural heritage while ensuring the benefits reach the local population.

Chapter 4

Challenges to Implementing Sustainability in Tourism

1. Economic Pressures: The other major concern of sustainable tourism has to do with the reality that short-term financial gain is a reality that casts a dark cloud of sustainability over the local businesses end and governments (Hagelberg, 2022). This attitude means that many businesses regard sustainable development as an extra expense and, therefore, avoid adopting specific environmental solutions. While the inflow of tourists is comparatively manageable during other times of the year, during festive seasons like the Carnival of Goa, businesses’ try to make the most of their earnings, which often involves depleting resources and inadequate waste management.

2. Lack of Awareness and Education: The first major factor hindering sustainable tourism is the deficit of the conscious perception and comprehensive training of both the tourists and the populace involved directly in the management of destinations. It is usual for tourists to have low awareness of the consequences which their activities may bring to the environment like polluting or using polythene bags (Garcés-Ordóñez et al., 2020). Additionally, it implies that local businesses and communities lack adequate knowledge of the value proposition of sustainable strategies and how best to achieve them. This lack of awareness can lead to organizational resistance, and decreased participation in sustainability efforts.

3. Infrastructure Limitations: However, infrastructure can be a major difficulty; many places, including Goa, currently provide insufficient accommodation for tourists (Sutheeshna, 2021). Tourism that is sustainable demands better and efficient environmental framework of disposal of wastes, transport, and water. During the Carnival in Goa, the arrival of a large number of tourists increases the already intolerable pressure on existing infrastructures, which are unable to cope with the generation as well as proper disposal of wastes and additional resources. If these systems are not in place, then all attempts towards making an organization more sustainable can be greatly hampered.

Sustainable Issue: Waste Management during the Goa Carnival

Among those sustainable concerns, a major concern is on waste management in Goa especially during Carnival celebration. The Carnival receives a flood of tourists, thus much waste production is expected during this time (Ette, 2021). The carnival ambience of the Carnival realised through food stands, street performances, and celebrations generates a large amount of waste, such as plastic bottles, wrappers and non-biodegradable products

Challenges Faced in Addressing Waste Management

1. Inadequate Waste Management Infrastructure: Currently, waste management constraints face huge strains in handling collection and disposal during the peak tourist seasons in Goa. The local government may not have the capacity to design proper collection, segregation as well as disposal methods. As a result, most of the leftover produced throughout the Carnival is disposed of in dumping sites or, even worse, on the coasts and in the natural areas.

2. High Volume of Single-Use Plastics: The Carnival reinforces mis socio-cultural aspect of the Covid-19 pandemic by promoting the use of single use plastics for food and beverage packaging (Lopez, 2021). Even though customers and vendors are becoming more aware of the harms of plastic pollution to the environment, it is surprising to find vendors using these materials to present food and beverages. The attempts to eliminate or minimize the use of these articles experience the opposition of sellers and guests who do not concern the effects of their actions on the environment.

3. Limited Public Awareness: Although there are organized campaigns for tourists encouraging those to exercise sound ecological practices when disposing wastes, many of these programs do not reach the intended target. These are some of the key problems whereby Visitors fail to observe the-appropriate environmental etiquette thus contributing to the escalation of littering during Carnival. In order to solve the issue of waste management, there should be awareness created among the tourists as well as the people living in the area about Waste Segregation and Disposal.

4. Coordination among Stakeholders: The approach to deal with waste management problem during Goa Carnival involves multi-stakeholders, which includes the local authorities, businesses, other organisers of events and non-governmental organisations (Deep and Toubes, 2023). However, reaching a coordinating effectiveness may be difficult due to the mixed nature of the priorities and the absence of routine information exchange. For instance, while local authorities may have an agenda that involves fostering regulation enforcement, business consider profits an important agenda hence rivalry that slows down development.

Chapter 5

Key Findings of Case Study

The possibility of sustainability problems during the Goa Carnival, an important cultural festival that draws many global tourists was explored in the case study. Consequently, the results point to the prevailing blurring of Tourism and sustainable development in Goa. So, the Carnival has a major positive impact on the economic development as it creates job opportunities and generates local businesses’ revenue (Guanah et al., 2020). On the other hand, it raises serious environmental and social concerns, for the most part, due to the excessive amount of waste generated and over tourism issues. It includes the followings:

Economic Benefits vs. Environmental Costs: The Goa Carnival presents the economic development for their community and a way to preserve their culture, but simultaneously the tourists with their presence, contribute to littering, deforestation, depleting the resources among others.

Awareness and Education Gaps: The travellers and small businesses of the country are still ignorant in the matters of sustainable tourism. Lack of knowledge to many is the main reason why most of the stakeholders in many organizations have little inclination on how they are contributing to environmental degradation.

Infrastructure Challenges: The current waste disposal structures in the state of Goa are wanting when it comes to accommodating waste during the carnival and other seasons that attract many tourists (Gore et al., 2021).

Conflicting Stakeholder Interests: Lack of cooperation from the local governments, business organizations and other non-governmental organizations is another important factor because they have different perceptions towards sustainable tourism initiatives.

All in all, whereas the Goa Carnival is an agent of economic and cultural development, it exposes culpable failure in sustainable management of environmental impacts.

Recommendations

To address the sustainable issue of waste management during the Goa Carnival, the following recommendations are proposed, ensuring alignment with the destination's future plans, stakeholder interests, and CSR principles in the tourism industry:

Enhance Waste Management Infrastructure: There is no doubt that appropriate investments are necessary for the establishment of efficient WM systems. To enhance waste management in the affected area, the local government should avail funds to increase the efficiency of care takers of waste collection, recycling and disposal centres. These are setting up of more waste bins, enhancing the frequency of waste collection and setting up of temporary structures during the carnival for accommodation of the enhanced waste disposal. They mentioned that the local governments can also enhance efficiency and effectiveness through partnerships with private waste management companies.

Ban Single-Use Plastics: The Carnival can create a ban directed against single use plastics that would greatly decrease the amount of waste produced. Local authorities should engage vendors to ensure that they cut on the use of disposables like the polythene papers, instead encourage the use of the biodegradable non-reusable food and drink-wear containers. The government should offer some sort of encouragement, for instance, in the form of tax credit, for business entities that strive to take sustainable measures towards reduced consumption.

Educational Campaigns and Engagement: Organising awareness creating campaigns prior to and during the Carnival is crucial part to inform both tourists and the population about the need of minimum waste production and responsible disposal (Iqani, 2020). Businesses can use the following mediums to spread word on the importance of sustainability: Most organizations can use workshops in the course of their training sessions to argue the importance of sustainable development. Involving the people in these crusades ensures that they take a responsible feel towards the exercise.

Stakeholder Collaboration: Forming a stakeholder coalition, which include the local authority, firms, NGOs and community members will improve coordination. For sustainable development and to be in conformity with the vision of Goa with respect to the tourism sector, this task force should specialize in setting and putting into practice of sustainable tourism policies. Meetings could be held periodically to review, discuss current practice, issues faced and achievements made in management of wastes.

Monitor and Evaluate Progress: To achieve the above objectives, it is necessary to perform the following: Undertake waste management auditing during Carnival, This will ensure that recommendations for improvement are made after the Carnival based on a review of waste management practices. Collection of information about waste produced, its disposal, the extent to which firms adhere to uptake of sustainable practices can facilitate decision making by stakeholders (Latip et al., 2022).

Promote Eco-Tourism Initiatives: Adding more options for eco-tour in Goa, for example, guided natural tours or purchase of local works produced with consideration to environmental protection would help to redirect tourists’ attention and provide them with experiences that have great impact on environment. Thus, the Carnival should be able to complement the mission towards the promotion of eco-tourism by proposing more desirable activities.

The measures, which these recommendations prescribe are instrumental in making Carnival sustainable without compromising its cultural identity or the natural environment of Goa. These strategies do not only halt and mitigate the current negative environmental impacts of management of wastes but also realized the future sustainable tourism vision of Goa. Finally, the achievement of these initiatives remains the responsibility of the multiple stakeholders who work in the context of the tourism sector towards establishing new, sustainable, and fair tourism model.

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Tourism Impacts and Sustainable Development (A1)

Table of Contents

Chapter 1

Aims and Objectives