Sustainable Tourism Management in The Gambia

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT

Introduction

This report will be commenced with a brief overview of The Republic of Gambia. Further, it will provide an assessment on development of sustainability. In the next part, This report will provide an analysis of stakeholders within sustainable tourism development. It will also

Compare the impact of tourism development over the lives of stakeholders which could be positive, neutral or negative. It will also cover cost-benefit analysis and stakeholders mapping. Subsequently, this report will assess the socio-cultural, economic impacts, and environmental influence of tourism development. It will also discuss sustainable tourism development being a means to minimise the negative influences and maximise the positive effects of tourism development. Further, it will discuss the benefits of agri-tourism and eco-tourism. This part of the report will also include several theories, models, and frameworks of sustainable tourism development. Lastly, this report will evaluate sustainable tourism development as a business along with its challenges and opportunities. Before reaching the conclusion this report will also provide the recommendations from the core findings.

Overview of Gambia

The Gambia, a region in western Africa which is situated over the Atlantic coast as well as encircled by the neighboring nation of Senegal. It acquires an extended lean strip of land which encircles the River of Gambia. The territory is flat as well as overseen by the river that is passable throughout the distance of the nation. The Gambia is among one of the underprivileged and poorest nations in the globe. The programmers developed to curtail these impediments are defined. In specific, tourism is specified as a suitable development strategy (Wilson, 2017). The Gambia has moreover found a place in tourism by taking

the benefit of their warm water, magnificent beaches, as well as nature retreats. Besides, the country is well perceived for its bird watching, with around 540 bird species recorded. The tourism business within the Republic of Gambia commenced when a group of around 300 Swedish travelers arrived in 1965. The amount of tourists boosted from 300 travelers in 1965 to approximately 25,000 travelers in 1976. The amount of visitors has proceeded to surge sharply, and since the government is enthusiastic to diversify their economy, it acknowledged tourism as being a potential primary foreign trade source of income (Wilson, 2017). Nonetheless, despite rising popularity as a travel destination, the development of infrastructure has been stagnant.

Most tourists coming to the Gambia for traveling purposes and tourism were from the nations of nationality mentioned below:

COUNTRY

2018

Question 1

Sustainable development in Gambia

Climate change

In the terms of environmental resilience along with climate change, The Republic of Gambia is estimated among the globe's two largely driving developing nations; it's Nationally Specified Contribution has nearly ambitious unconditional and conditional targets which meet or fulfill the 1.5°C (Klarin, 2018).

National policies

The government of Gambia has formulated a Nation Wide Strategy in order to Develop Statistics and for investigating their innovative financing. The nation’s established vision for 2020 was being assessed to navigate the formulation of successive long-term vision.

To stimulate the enactment of the NDP and SDGs, the Government has commenced the (PACD) Programme for Accelerated Community Development that favors the synergies among the SDGs as well as focuses to decrease the void between the rural and urban areas (World Bank Group, 2020). Additionally, there is a powerful priority on correlating sustainable development and peacebuilding, positioning SDG 16 at the midst of the federal or national action plan.

International policies

The advancement priorities established by the government have enticed a substantial percentage of global support. The Republic of Gambia has strived to stay on the radar of the global or international community for securing their support within the long term. The Gambia has an active role to play within the international affairs, particularly of Islamic and West African affairs (Klarin, 2018).

The Gambia formulated various economic development and poverty reduction strategies in the strand with the MDGs. It perpetuates the government administration towards environmental sustainability, comprehending the capacity of renewable energy, it also affirms the significance of improving the infrastructure, agriculture sector, as well as the travel and tourism industry for strengthening the economy. Likewise, the NDP has a strong emphasis on empowerment of women, gender mainstreaming and youth. It devotes the government executives to develop more extensive policies, in relation with the people with disabilities. Besides, This priority is compatible with the Agenda’s exhortation of 2030 (Klarin, 2018).

Tourism’s Global code of ethics

The (GCET) Global Code of Ethics for Tourism is known to be a detailed set of beliefs whose goal is to supervise stakeholders within tourism development: local and central governments, communities at the local level, the tourism business and their professionals, along with visitors, both domestic and international (Fennell, 2017). It intends to assist in maximising the travel and tourism sector’s advantages while minimising their potentially negative influence on the cultural heritage, environment, and societies around the world. Its acknowledgement from the United Nations after two years expressly motivated and encouraged the UNWTO in promoting the effective and efficient follow-up of their provisions (Jamal, 2019).

UNWTO has partnered or joined hands with The Gambia in order to develop the nation’s national (STS) System of Tourism Statistics. Tourism is known as a main division for the economy of Gambia providing around 17% to GDP as well as benefiting nearly 10,000 indirect and direct jobs in the tourism sector. Besides, The government of Gambia has made travel and tourism a growth priority and also has the extended goal of evolving as a world class destination for tourists along with business centres (Jamal, 2019). Moreover, The government’s Master Plan for national Tourism contributes to a strategic action plan and framework for the protracted growth of tourism within The Republic of Gambia with the purpose of boosting international tourist appearances from new and existing markets, formulating new tourism marketing and products. For assisting the efforts of the government, the administration proposed UNWTO to perform a comprehensive examination of the STS and deliver technical aid to national officials who are on the way to enhance the database statistics of tourism (Fennell, 2017).

Question 2

Stakeholders analysis within Sustainable Tourism

The support or assistance for tourism stakeholders is crucial for the successful operation, development, as well as long-term sustainability within the tourism. Besides, Tourism stakeholders encompass several distinct categories of groups relying upon geographically based within the various portions of the region. Nevertheless, not each of the stakeholders retains the similar degree of interest within the development of sustainable tourism and might be less active. A stakeholder is known to be ‘any individual or group who could influence or is implicated by the accomplishment of the organisation’s goals’ (World Bank Group, 2020). The UNWTO specified stakeholders within the tourism destinations of Gambia as public authorities, tourism professionals, the press as well as other media. Moreover, other individuals and interest groups and in specific indigenous groups and local residents, moreover require adequate recognition being the stakeholders within their own right. Tourist corporations in the Gambia are evolving increasingly and being crucial in economic terms because of the number of employees that they generate and the evidence that their enterprise action is performed in areas that belong in the local society (Woo et al., 2018).

Effect of development in tourism on stakeholders

Tourism in the Gambia is glimpsed as a standard to sustain and strengthen the usage of natural resources, cultural and social development and growth of the nation’s local community, and contribute to income, revenue as well as economic security for the government and a destination along with its stakeholders. Nonetheless, tourism development has the potential of creating both negative and positive impacts (Roxas et al., 2020). The positive impacts of tourism development in the Gambia are such that it is contributing and participating in changing the morals, value systems, and the conduct, family relationships, individual behavior, creative expressions, collective lifestyles, community organizations, and traditional ceremonies. The government of the Gambia generally establish agencies which are based on non-profit in the aspect of purpose-designed bodies of tourism or (DMOs) destination management organisations, the major goal of this is to implement or enforce tourism policy objectives and oversee tourism in such a manner to be helpful and beneficial for each of the central destination stakeholders in The Gambia (Woo et al., 2018).

The abundance of challenges and issues like increased expenses of management procedures in a poor country like Gambia, difficulty in identification of stakeholders who are legitimate and their opinion over the development in tourism, along with the limited capacity of the stakeholders’ to contribute in the tourism development have a certain degree of negative impact (Roxas et al., 2020).

Stakeholders in the development tourism in the Gambia are investors and employees in tourism, supporting authorities, customers suppliers, and the local community of The Gambia. The advantages and positive impact of tourism development in the nation goes similarly to the stakeholders that are indirectly or directly supporting the industry. The Gambia tourism development could encompass the stakeholders within the development procedure so that sustainable advantages can be attained (Woo et al., 2018).

Cost benefit analysis

The most popular approach concentrated on benefits and costs of tourism, or on negative impacts and positive of tourism; this approach determines a direct negative relationship among the stakeholders’ support for development in tourism and the costs perceived, and vice versa. Besides, a direct positive relationship among the anticipated benefits and the support of stakeholders’ (Mishan and Quah, 2020). Adult community-based screening as well as treatment for HBV within The Gambia is inclined to be an intervention which is cost-effective. Moreover, higher cost-effectiveness may be attainable with targeted screening, which would be facility-based, reductions in the prices of diagnostics and drugs, and HBV screening’s integration with different public health interventions.

Sustainable tourism management ethics

Sustainable Tourism Management concentrates on the competitive positioning and comparative advantage of tourism destinations augmented by the commitment of sustainable development practices and principles. "Tourism which takes into account the current as well as future social, economic, and environmental influences, dealing with the necessities of the industry, visitors, host communities, and the environment" (Holden, 2019). The ethics for sustainable tourism development which has been taken into consideration by the Gambia is to make optimal usage of resources in the environment which comprise a fundamental component in the development of tourism for poor countries like the Gambia, retaining crucial ecological procedures and assisting to conserve and protect natural biodiversity and heritage. Furthermore, Respecting the host community’s socio-cultural authenticity, preserving their living and built cultural heritage along with traditional values, as well as contributing to inter-cultural tolerance and understanding (Ruhanen et al., 2019). In addition, Ensuring long-term, and viable economic operations, delivering socio-economic advantages to each of the stakeholders who are relatively distributed, encompassing stable employment along with income-earning opportunities with social services for hosting communities, and contribution for the poverty alleviation.

In sum, rightness, consequence, virtue, and context are ethically crucial in driving sustainability. A sustainable tourism management lives in the carrying capability of its social and natural system (Holden, 2019).

Responsible and Ethical Tourism illustrates the practices and methods utilized to regulate the environmental influence of tourism over the local communities of the Gambia. A high quality experience in tourism relies upon the preservation of Gambia’s natural resources, the safety of the environment, along with the conservation of the country's cultural heritage (Ruhanen et al., 2019). The Gambia’s Tourism Industry has formulated and acquired a Code for Ethics and Practices in order to attain these objectives.

• Avoiding activities that threaten plant populations or wildlife, or that may be potentially adverse for Gambia’s natural environment (Holden, 2019).

• Choose tourism services that indicate the country's cultural, social, and environmental sensitivity (Ruhanen et al., 2019).

• Enjoy the Gambia’s diverse cultural and natural heritage and assist the nation in preserving and protecting it (Holden, 2019).

Question 3

Impact of development in tourism

Tourism development has three primary impacts which are named as environmental, Socio-cultural, and economic impacts (Koens et al., 2018).

Socio-cultural impact of tourism development

Tourism might have several distinct impacts on the cultural and social aspects of the life within a specific area or region, relying on the religious and cultural strengths of that area (Akadiri et al., 2019). The interaction among the tourists and the Gambia’s community could be among one of the components which may influence a community as tourists and may not be susceptible to local traditions, customs, and standards. This effect could be negative or positive on the Gambia’s community.

Positive impacts include:

• Local community of the Gambia can mix with individuals of distinct backgrounds with unique lifestyles that may through ‘demonstration effect’ might result in the growth of superior practices and lifestyles from the examples of tourists’ (Akadiri et al., 2019).

• More social and cultural events accessible for the local community such as exhibitions, entertainment, etc (Koens et al., 2018).

Negative impacts include:

• The local population in a poor country lil Gambia may imitate the lifestyles of visitors by the ‘demonstration effect’ which as a result can impact in loss of local traditions and customs along with standards of behavior (Festivalia et al., 2019).

Environmental impact

Uncontrolled conventional tourism presents potential risks to several natural areas or tourist destinations of the Gambia. It can put massive pressure on the attractions of the country and lead to influences such as increased pollution, soil erosion, natural habitat loss, discharges into the sea, boosted pressure over endangered species and intensified vulnerability of forest fires. Subsequently, It mostly puts a concern for water resources since beaches and islands are major tourist attractions (Akadiri et al., 2019). On the flip side, tourism in Gambia has the potential of creating positive impacts over the environment by partaking in environmental conservation and protection. It is a manner to boost awareness and understanding of environmental values. In addition, the environmental impacts of tourism in the Gambia may include direct impact over the natural resources, both non-renewable and renewable in the provision of traveler facilities could be induced by the usage of land for infrastructure provision and accommodation (Koens et al., 2018).

Economic impacts

Tourism development's economic advantages are praised by the travel and tourism industry in the Gambia for several reasons. Claims of tourism’s economic importance give the tourism industry tremendous respect between the public officials, the business community, as well as the public generally (Festivalia et al., 2019).

Economic benefits as well as costs of travel and tourism in Gambia reach virtually to each individual in the area in one means or another. Economic influence analyses deliver tangible assessments of the economic interdependencies in the Gambia and a better insight of the importance and role of tourism within the nation’s economy (Koens et al., 2018).

Tourism action moreover pertains to economic costs, encompassing the direct expenses incurred by the travel and tourism businesses, costs of government for development in infrastructure for better service to the tourists, along with congestion and similar costs borne by people in the nation. On the other hand, Boosting demand for fundamental goods and services from tourists would often result in price hikes which negatively impact or influence the local residents whose revenue does not rise proportionately. Besides, development in Tourism and the similar surge in demand of real estate may dramatically boost land values and building costs (Festivalia et al., 2019).

Sustainable tourism development for minimising the negative impacts

The challenge of the ways to construct facilities, contribute in water, energy, and waste management, formulate new supplies for food, and conserve cultural heritages and tradition of local communities in the Gambia, are an enormous crisis and has certain negative impact, indeed.

Coastal tourism and travel facilities in the Gambia with poor construction and formation are occasionally hit by storms and hurricanes (Junaid and d’Hauteserre, 2017).

The negative impacts of environmental, economical and socio-culture can be minimized by the following ways:

• Eco-Tourism

By imposing a boosted focus over ecotourism can help in reducing the negative impact as it can assist in preserving the environment, heritage and wildlife of Gambia. This moreover, reduced the conflicts and social disputes among authorities and different other groups like farmers and tribal people (Junaid and d’Hauteserre, 2017).

• Green tourism

Green tourism is known to be a widely used word or term Which has its priority on communicating What is meant by ethical, responsible, as well as, sustainable tourism. The emphasis of Green tourism is not only on conserving the environment and the heritage of the Cambia but also on protecting their local community and people along with their culture and tradition by giving rise to the decision which will be in favour of their land and living (Hartmann and Stecker, 2019). Moreover, The visitors to Gambia or tourists can Enjoy a nature and all the landscapes of the nation which are unspoiled.

Maximising positive impact of sustainable tourism

To increase gigantic tourism, capital is invested within conserving the local area and heritage of the Gambia, in enhancing infrastructure, in delivering better local installations and facilities that eventually generates better leisure facilities, better education, overseeing periodic social events, and therefore a decent lifestyle for the provincial people in The Gambia (Suardana and Sudiarta, 2017).

• Increases jobs

As the travel and tourism sector being one of the globe's biggest economic sectors, it develops jobs and employment opportunities for the local population, drives exports, as well as generates prosperity (Coghlan, 2019). Therefore, it proceeds to make a substantial difference in the beings of millions of individuals by reducing poverty, fostering development, and driving growth. This could be maximized by attracting more and more tourists by providing them with extraordinary services which entice them (Weaver, 2007).

• Economic growth

Tourists contribute to profits, sales, tax revenues, jobs, and earnings in a region. Through secondary effects, the travel and tourism industry influences most divisions of the economy of the Gambia. Economic influence examination of tourism action generally concentrates on modifications in income, sales, as well as employment in an area arising from tourist activity (Suardana and Sudiarta, 2017). Likewise, the Gambia can engender an enormous percentage of foreign exchange by tourism which could moreover boost their sustainable development and growth. The growth and development in tourism within the Cambia makes the tourist more satisfied and amazed which leads them to coming back as a tourist for vacations or perhaps spreading a positive word of mouth (Coghlan, 2019).

Instances of sustainable tourism development

Soft Tourism

The concept and idea of soft tourism comprises social and environmental compatibility, outstanding and optimum creation of wealth, as well as a "new culture of tourism and travel".

In soft tourism and travel the primary emphasis is over environmental matters (Weaver, 2007). soft tourism could be commonly interpreted as “an aspect of tourism that leads to a common understanding and awareness among the local community and the guests of host countries like the Gambia, which does not attempt the cultural individuality and identity of the host nation and which strives to take care and maintenance of the environmental setting in the best possible way.”

Alternative tourism

Alternative tourism is defined as ‘an aspect of tourism which sets out to be compatible with social, natural, as well as, community values that enable both guests and hosts to enjoy in a favorable manner and make the interaction worthwhile along with shared experiences’ (Weaver, 2007). Besides, It pertains to touring to areas which are relatively remote, and undisturbed natural and biological areas like the Gambia with the goal of adoring, researching and relishing the scenery, the scenic environment and the nation’s unique wild animals and plants along with cultural attributes. It moreover contemplates the conservation and preservation of the Gambia’s environment, sustenance, and local people’s well-being

Agritourism

Agritourism implies travel overseen around agriculture, small-scale production of food, farming, or even animal husbandry. Touring to a working farm in a small place like Gambia or ranch due to the motive of education and enjoyment are the main aspects of this frequent rural experience. Travelers who partake in this category of vacation often wish to discern the way food is ripened and grown and prepared or simply to comprehend how animals and other creatures are raised (Edgell, 2016). Agritourism assists in preserving the rural landscape and lifestyles in the Gambia and moreover proposes the opportunity of providing "green" or "sustainable" tourism. Moreover, Organic agriculture is known to be a cultural development that finds its inceptions and origins in a culture that is environmentalist (Weaver, 2007).

Ecotourism

Ecotourism in the Gambia is catering for travelers and tourists wanting to experience the innate environment without harming it or disturbing its natural habitats. Furthermore, It is an aspect of tourism pertaining to visiting pristine, fragile, and somewhat undisturbed natural regions, aimed at as a low-impact and at times small scale option to basic commercial mass travel and tourism (Honey, 2008). It suggests responsible travel in the natural areas, protecting the environment, as well as enhancing the well-being of the people who are localities. Its objective might be to inform and educate the visitor, to deliver funds and capital for ecological conservation, for directly benefiting the economic growth and development along with political empowerment for local communities, or for fostering respect and appreciation for varied cultures and the human rights in small area like the Gambia (Edgell, 2016).

Theories of tourism

Tourism multiplier effect

Tourism not just develops jobs within the tertiary division, it moreover motivates growth within the secondary and primary sectors of the tourism industry in the Gambia. This is called the multiplier effect. The reasonable factor is what amount of time and money is spent by a visitor circulating within a country's economy.

Money expended within a hotel assists to establish jobs promptly within the hotel, but it moreover develops jobs indirectly somewhere else within the economy (Suryanata, 2019). Moreover, The hotel, for instance, has to purchase food from local planters, who might spend a certain amount of this capital on clothes or fertiliser. The demand and need for local commodities rises as tourists frequently purchase souvenirs, which boosts secondary livelihood.

The multiplier effect proceeds till the money ultimately 'leaks' from the Gambia’s economy by imports which are buying goods from different nations (Kozák, 2018).

Question 4

Sustainable tourism as business

Opportunities and challenges

Opportunities:

• rising income levels and economic growth:

Favourable growth within the Indian economy, surge in urban middle-class community in the Gambia and rising degrees of disposable income along with boosted affinity for wellness and leisure tourism are for the driving forces (Edgell, 2016).

• Easy finance availability:

Increased adoption of culture of credit along with availability of vacations on (EMI) Equated Monthly Installments is known to be another driver for growth (Carlsen et al., 2012).

Challenges faced by sustainable tourism development

• Inadequate support infrastructure:

Inadequate assistance infrastructure at sustainable tourist destinations of the Gambia such as inadequate rail, road, and air connectivity for several ecotourism places and also there are substantial hurdles (Carlsen et al., 2012). Limited availability of rooms in the hotel and insufficient availability of quality and clean food outlets, cafeterias at destinations are additional limitations that are influencing tourist arrival figures.

• Safety of Tourist:

Harassment of visitors from notorious and miscreants elements along with the safety of tourists particularly foreign visitors is a main problem for the travel and tourism industry. Safety, as well as security of travelers, is of paramount significance as it majorly influences the influx of foreign travelers in the nation (Weaver, 2007).

How can local people address this

Small businesses contribute individuality and character to a neighborhood community. Small businesses and industries are the backbone and cornerstone for the local communities. For example, Locally owned hotels and restaurants reveal the raw foods of varied regions. For illustration, local farm-to-table societies showcase fresh fruits, vegetables, and locally grown meats (Cetin et al., 2018). These spots provide a different character to the local communities, exhibiting the culinarian and owner’s extraordinary appreciation for the region. Small business owners moreover work and live within their communities, withstanding pride in creating their neighborhoods and towns a slightly nicer.

Good sustainability practices

The three pillars for sustainable tourism in the Gambia are engaging environmentally friendly practices that are (reduce, reuse, recycle); retaining and protecting natural and cultural heritage (replenishing historic buildings or preservation of endangered species); and delivering tangible economic or social benefits for local populations (ranging from approving the rights for indigenous populations to aiding decent wages for workers) (Carlsen et al., 2012).

Person responsibility and decision making in sustainable tourism

Responsible tourism within sustainable tourism development means minimizes negative economic, social, and environmental effects. Generates tremendous economic advantages for the local community and improves the well-being and living standard of host populations. Enhances the working conditions along with employment accessibility in the industry (Cetin et al., 2018). Decision making in sustainable tourism development involves Sustainable tourism scheduling and planning which not just prevents social pressures as well as reduces the effect of environmental degradation, but moreover contributes in persistence along with long-term economic advantages.

Recommendations

Though presently there are problems within the tourism sector, nonetheless the situation is anticipated to get satisfactorily better since the power of individuals is boosting around the globe. The government must take steps to improve local transportation capabilities so that visitors can travel conveniently in The Gambia (Weaver, 2007). Moreover, there is a necessity to expand world class restaurants and hotels in the Gambia, so that travelers can relish their stay. It is crucial for the country to take care of the security measures which are adequate to guarantee the safety of the visitors.

Conclusion

To recapitulate, the above-mentioned report has given an overview of the sustainable tourism development in the Gambia by assessing the impacts of tourism development, it's opportunities and threats, several models and concepts, the stakeholder's analysis, and sustainable development in general. This report has also provided the recommendations based on the key findings of the report.

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