Operations Management: A Case Study of Jaguar Land Rover

Operations Management

Executive summary

The jaguar land rover is the British multinational company where the activity principle of the company is designed, development, sales and manufacturing of vehicles bearing the land rover and jaguar Marques. The company hired around 1500 staff and signed over around £2 billion of contracts of supply with other United Kingdom companies and enabled the production of the new range rover model. The role of operations manager was to manage the activities of productions like goods and services where they are directly responsible for the operations process, embracing designs, control performance, planning, control and strategies. Lean manufacturing is a process that eliminated the wastage by reducing cost and added value to the customer. Industry standards is the criteria of a particular field of the business where minimal accepted requirements are been followed by the member of jaguar land rover. Lean methodology is a process that optimized the human resource, raw material, efforts, energy, resources of the business organization that created value for the customer. The management of Jaguar Land Rover can adopt various effective approaches and theories of capacity management for effectively measuring and analyzed the ability of their business. It is recommended that the operation manager of Jaguar Land Rover to adopt an effective operation process for their business activities as it helped them to work effectively and leads them to complete the desired target.

Introduction

Operations of a company include all the commercial activities which develop, manufacture the materials and include all the information and technologies of communications. It includes the daily activities such as selling, producing the product and generate revenue. It also maintains activities and key operations activities involves sales, manufacturing and other marketing activities. Jaguar land rover is the British multinational company where the activity principle of the company is designed, development, sales and manufacturing of vehicles bearing the land rover and jaguar Marques. Sales operation of the company is around 374,636 units as it becomes the largest manufacturing company in United Kingdom which has produced 489,923 cars. The company sold 604,009 vehicles where land rover comprises of 431,161 and jaguar vehicles is around 172, 848. The company has invested a total around £1,411 million in the development and research.

There are three development and research facilities in United Kingdom where Gaydon is a development and research facility which is formerly the Headquarter of land rover. Industry standards is the criteria of a particular field of the business where minimal accepted requirements are been followed by the member of jaguar land rover. The role of operations manager is to manage the activities of productions like goods and services where they are directly responsible for the operations process, embracing designs, control performance, planning, control and strategies. Lean manufacturing is a process eliminates the wastage by reducing cost and added value to the customer. Lean methodology is a process of optimizing the human resource, raw material, efforts, energy, others resources of the business organization toward creating value for the customer. The management has developed processes and methods that are based on risk management for identifying effective lean tools that are most important and appropriate for Jaguar Land Rover. Capacity management should more focus on the planning and ability of its employees as well as their business in an effective manner.

Current operations

Jaguar land rover is a British automotive company where its development, design, manufacture and sales of vehicles are bearing the Marques of jaguar and land rover. The current operations of jaguar land rover company as they have hired around 1500 staff and signed over around £2 billion of contracts of supply with other United Kingdom companies for enabling the production of the new range rover model. The company is investing around £ 355 million for constructing the new plant to manufacture diesel engines and cylinder petrol. The jaguar land rover company has planned to create around 4500 manufacturing jobs in United Kingdom. Sales operation of the company is around 374,636 units as it becomes the largest manufacturing company in United Kingdom which has produced 489,923 cars. The company sold 604,009 vehicles where land rover comprises of 431,161 and jaguar vehicles is around 172, 848 (Park, et. al., 2020). The company has six main facilities for the development, research, manufacturing and assembly of vehicles where five of these are in United Kingdom and one of them is in India.

The company has invested a total around £1,411 million in the development and research. There are three development and research facilities in United Kingdom where Gaydon is a development and research facility which is formerly the Headquarter of land rover. It redeveloped the vehicle design, testing centre and development. Whitley is an engineering and site of development and headquarter of jaguar land rover which is formerly the jaguar car head office. Jaguar land rover is the partner of national automotive centre of innovation. The vehicles assembly plants where the main assembly plants is castle Bromwich assembly where it produce different ranges such as F- Type, XF, XJ etc. The Halewood body and assembly is used by jaguar land rover for the production of land rover. Solihull plant is the principle of jaguar land rover assembly plant which was the aircraft plant engine during world war. Ryton-on-Dunsmore is the special vehicle development operations of centre which was used by aircraft production (Agarwal and Javant, 2019). There is an engine manufacturing plant where £500 million facility is located at the site i54 as petrol engines and modular diesel are built. The production of jaguar land rover as it currently sells the vehicle under the land rover and jaguar Marques. It became the first car producer for submitting new cars from the Marques for receiving no emissions rates.

Industry standards

Industry standards is the criteria of a particular field of the business where minimal accepted requirements are been followed by the member of jaguar land rover. The industry standards of jaguar land rover where the hiring process of the company is built on the strong foundation to be objective to hunt the correct fit. The company hire the employees which are rightly fitted in their requirements and the candidate application is fully reviewed by the company. The candidate will receive a personal reply regarding to their suitability of their profile. The company hires the candidates which are having skills, experience and expertise. Automotive industry comprises of auto sector components and automobiles where it is the key driver for the economy as it provide employment on large scale with a strong effect multiplier.

As compared to Astron martin the jaguar land rover use the communication strategies for enhancing the productivity of the company. It integrates the customer to the platform of cloud communication and use SMS facility to remind customer about their upcoming services. The company also create the template fun like car wash day for creating awareness. It provides the toll free number so that callers can enter the pin on the IVR so that they can be routed to dealer in their location.

Role of operations manager

The role of operations manager is to manage the activities of productions like goods and services where they are directly responsible for the operations process, embracing designs, control performance, planning, control and strategies. The operations manager responsibility is to manage the cost of producing the goods which are directly related with the cost for acquiring the resources, transforming it and delivering to the customers (Vaddadi and Rajitha, 2019). Operations manager is responsible for the people employed in company working directly to create goods and also managing the company equipments, stock, building and other facilities. For example in jaguar land rover the operations manager is responsible for managing the cost of producing goods and also the cost of resources which is acquired by the company, transforming it and giving to the customer, also develop the strategies to improve productivity of jaguar land rover.

Process management

1. Process analysis and improvement- In the competitive world as the automotive industry it becomes important for the jaguar land rover to adopt the culture of improving continuously which should over cross all the stakeholder of the company. The continuous improvement of process can lead to increase the efficiency of jaguar land rover, it also reduce the waste and also leads to increase the competitiveness in market not economically but technologically. It is analysed that optimization of product line is the main objective to increase its productivity capacity so that customer request can be comply.

The company can improve its efficiency and effectiveness by meeting the customer wants and needs, creating design of process and manufacturing. Innovation is the important process for the continuous change in order for contributing to the economy growth in jaguar land rover (Zhou and Peng, 2019). For the improvement the company develop a better relationship with suppliers where jaguar land rover should work closely with the supplier which enables the manufacturer to understand the internal process of suppliers and offering the ways to improve quality of element part to meet the quality standards of manufacturer. Using the leading technology such as mobile devices can help jaguar land rover to connect with the supply chain.

2. Customer service strategies- Jaguar land rover introduces the customer with goods and services which can help to solve their problems (Sao, et. al., 2017). Showing the cons and pros of their option so that they can make a good decision on their own. The company provide the service strategy to the customer by sharing them product review, customer testimonials and giving them resources so that they can make educated decision of purchasing. The company use multimedia and digital signage content for delivering the useful information. Jaguar land rover does not use complex terms and any specification which can confuse the customer and create the customer touch point online and offline both (Elisabeth, et. al., 2020). The company create digital platforms to serve the customer to learn more about business, scheduling the services, checking the status of their services and shop the product where customer feel connected with the company.

It uses different customer service strategies which help the company to provide personalized experience that values them more. The jaguar land rover builds long lasting relation by collecting the information by the customer so that they can track their services and purchases by catering better to their needs. Giving them rewards such as discounts, offers which result in developing long lasting relationship between them.

3. Inventory management- It helps to shelter the way of production opposing the random running of materials inventory management which involves making an essential connection between goods, inventory cost, asset management, physical inventory, price forecasting and much more. Inventories are stock of jaguar land rover which manufacture the goods for sale element and sales which makeup the goods. There are diverse forms in which inventor can be process and finished products. Raw material is the basic input which is changed into finished goods through the process of manufacturing (Doshi and Desai, 2017). The inventories of raw material are purchased and stored for the production in future such as steel, petroleum products, plastic, rubber, glass, aluminium and other special fibres.

Work-in-process inventory are the semi manufactured goods which represent the need for more work before it becomes the finished goods for sale. Finished goods are the inventories which are the fully manufactured product which is ready for sale such as car where the stock of work in progress and stock of raw material alleviate the production. When the stock of finished goods is and their link between the consumption of goods and production like jaguar cars such as F- TYPE, XF, F-PACE. The main objective of inventory management is to ensure the continuous supply of the inventories to production.

4. Scheduling operations- There are the steps involved in the operations such as in jaguar land rover the manufacturing of the car is done by following certain steps where firstly metal is delivered to plant manufacturing and ironed by the heat. Then secondly welding process is done by fitting each piece into place and welded it using high heat. The next step is to gives it clean and shiny glow where the body of car get the nice shower for washing out the dirt of assembly process. Top coat is sprayed onto a surface for the shiny finish. The engine is made up of metal and also with casted material to be assembled in engine compartment where more than 500 metals parts are used to make suspension and engine. The supplier only ships the automobiles parts which are being produced and jaguar land rover has its own procuring supplies and procedure. The next is where body move on line conveyor and parts are been placed according to the set of instructions Then the last step of manufacturing the car is inspection is been performed when the car is inspected overall then it is shipped to the dealer of car and then to the customer.

5. Purchasing and supplier management- The jaguar land rover material purchasing is one of the most important decisions of management. Lead time, availability and uncertainties are three significant event of the company. There is a purchasing risk such as lead time, uncertainties of demand and availability into the model of inventory. The main objective and goal is to determine that the optimal quantity of ordering is to minimize the total cost. In jaguar land rover verify the model where there is decrease in total cost. The company is comprises of vehicles and manufacturers where it adopts supply chain as the best practices. Visibility, innovation, supply networks and collaboration have a great impact on supply chain efficiency and effectiveness.

When organization faces the poor quality of manufacturing where lack of auditing and oversight in supply chain can lead to issues with the quality and vehicles are resulting in not performing as expected (After, 2018). Then jaguar land rover use Blume solutions which enable in re-planning and also help in deliver an effective and efficient supply chains by minimizing the company carbon footprints. For better supplier management company use digital Blume platform that enable supply chain of jaguar land rover to manage its trading partnership to drive efficiency and lead to the satisfaction of customers.

Lean illustrations

Lean manufacturing is a process eliminates the wastage by reducing cost and added value to the customer.

Some specific examples of lean techniques are:

• Customer service- Manufacturer having a trouble for keeping up with the demand increased for the orders. Pre-production was very long and administration for non-added valued task is get delayed for the orders get on the floor. Lean technique in management is turned to map out customer services and eliminating the wastage from system value (Rishi, et. al., 2018). It results in increasing the capacity by 20 percent and increased delivery by 95 percent which improve efficiency and additional staff for example in jaguar land rover they use different customer service strategies like they give personalized experience so that customer feel valued and build long lasting relationship with them in future.

• Automotive parts manufacturing- During the change in shift automotive manufacturing company loosing efficiency. Lean technique enabled the maintenance of the equipments for the shift and also enhancing the communication of essential data (Smys and Ranganathan, 2019). It results in new system of changeover and increasing the production more than $1 million annually.

• Next generation lean- Tools of lean is valid always and today lean objectives are accomplished more fast and quick. The principles of lean can be integrated with an edge cutting technology which enable monitoring real time, constant, making fast decisions and improved efficiency by the leanest possible processes.

Lean Table

Lean Methodology

Lean methodology is a process of optimizing the human resource, raw material, efforts, energy, resources of the business organization toward creating value for the customer. The lean is a systematic process, which helps a business in reducing waste and adding customer-defined value to products and services to their business. Thus, the management of Jaguar Land Rover has started implementing the lean process in their product development activities as it helps them effective working. Although, JLR has opened its in-house lean manufacturing training expertise various manufacturers with help of partnership with other Manufacturing Institute (Mayr, et.al., 2018)

The Lean process can apply to each business organization and in every process. The management of Jaguar Land Rover is implemented this process in their business as firstly they arrange all resources that are required for implementing this process effectively.

Figure 1: a process of Lean

Source: Author, 2020

The implementation of lean is the transformational process that needs to support organizational development. The management has developed processes and methods that are based on risk management for identifying effective lean tools that are most important and appropriate for Jaguar Land Rover.

Benefits of Lean process

As the company reduces these wastes and strives, the Jaguar Land Rover is dealing with many benefits with this process. The main benefit is it reduces waste which leads to a decrease in the cost of the company. Along with this, process, it is very easy to manage every operation, and also improves the lead time (Sabet and et.al., 2020). Another benefit, the management of Jaguar Land Rover is having is that lean process or management helps them in improving their customer service, this leads to customer satisfaction and also improves product quality and fewer defects which helps a company in increasing the profit. In addition to this, it leads to employee satisfaction which increases employee morale.

Part B

Capacity Management

Capacity management is defined to act of analyzing and ensuring that business maximizes their production, productivity as well as potential activities all the time in each condition. The management of Jaguar Land Rover can measure their capacity of a business, by analyzing how much their company can manufacture, how much they can achieve the target, or how much the company can sell their product and services within a given period (Chan and et.al., 2020). For example an automobile production line can assemble 250 bike/ trucks per month. Effectively implementing capacity management may entail overtime working, purchasing additional equipment, outsourcing of business operations as well as and leasing or selling commercial property.

Capacity management plays an important role in every business organization, as it helps in managing demand according to company priorities and ensuring the critical process works effectively. It is effectively used in the organization as it helps management and business in effectively identifying their capacity. It is the tool that measures the speeds, latencies, volume, productivity and efficiency of data processed by an organization's applications.

All the data of Jaguar Land Rover is monitored through the IT infrastructure, so that capacity management can examine all the various operations of all environments of the company and capture critical important information about data flow.

The benefits of capacity management are that it adequate the level of company goals and capacity. It also saves cost and time by avoiding over-provisioning of hardware and software resources. The management and suppliers of Jaguar Land Rover focus on building an effective process for suppliers to measure the capacity output. Thus, the management of a company has scaled up its production capacity to 700, 000 units.

The solution for capacity management is extremely complex and sometimes it cannot accurately answer and it’s very difficult to interrogate manually.

Approach and theory of Capacity Management

The management of Jaguar Land Rover can adopt various effective approaches and theories of capacity management for effectively measuring and analyzing the ability of their business. Although, the best solution or theory or capacity management is the Theory of constraints which is very simple to apply (Eveleens and et.al., 2017).

The Theory of Constraints (TOC) gives a very effective and simple solution to capacity management by applying focus. The main thing to be considered is that in a system there should be only a few constraints that need to be considered while managing capacity as well as ensuring that it is aligned with demand &load. In the context of the company, Jaguar Land Rover, where the load and demand are Capacity Constrained Resources (CCR) means all other resources of the company have more capacity. Thus, if management only loads the system according to the capacity of CCR’s, the system as a whole will have enough capacity to perform effectively. With the help of this theory, the management of Jaguar Land Rover can better manage the capacity of various areas of their business-like manufacturing, operations service, sales, and project environments (Pakdil and Leonard, 2017).

With the successful TOC implementation, the management of Jaguar Land Rover will grab various benefits for their company like it increased profits of their company, enhance the capacity, reduces inventory as well as productivity. Along with this, it gives proper attention to all the critical areas of business. In addition to this, Jaguar Land Rover can also reduce lead times by optimizing the constraint results with smoother and faster product flow.

There are different approaches for capacity planning which include:

• Lead strategy- it helps in increasing the capacity of business to match predicted increase in demand

• The lag strategy focuses on meeting demand in any condition either they increase or decrease.

• Match strategy helps business to increase their capacity when demand starts to increase, and also help them to remain a step ahead of the trend. Thus, it helps businesses to archives their target.

 In context to Jaguar Land Rover, the working of capacity management should be better and more effective. Its management should more focus on the planning and ability of its employees as well as their business in an effective manner (Möldner and et.al., 2020). Along with this, they also considered the proper application and implementation of capacity management. In addition to this, they should adopt effective theory and practices, process, a strategy of capacity planning in their operations to order to achieve the desired target of business.

Part C

Conclusions

This report is based on Jaguar Land Rover company which is located in the UK. In this report the current operations of a company are described with effective industry standards. Along with this important role of the operation manager of Jaguar Land Rover is also mentioned. The current report also includes the process chart of operations which Jaguar Land Rover is following. In addition to this, some examples of lean are also illustrated with a lean table and value stream map. in context to this, it is also discussed where lean might be used how with potential benefits it gives to the company effectively. Furthermore, it includes the concept of capacity management and how it is being used in an organization along with its approach and theories. At last, some recommendations are listed which the management of Jaguar Land Rover should consider while operating their business activities effectively and efficiently.

Recommendations

Here is some recommendation which management of Jaguar Land Rover should consider and follow in their business operation in order to achieve the desired and targeted goals and objective.

It is recommended to the operation manager of Jaguar Land Rover to adopt an effective operation process for their business activities as it helps them in working effectively and leads them to complete the desired target.

Along with this, it also advised the manager of Jaguar Land Rover to improve the operations of their business by creating a clear communication process. It also advised the operation manager to effectively understand the delivery management or delivery process clearly as it helps in delivering and transporting products to the customer effectively and quickly.

It is also recommended to the operation manager of Jaguar Land Rover to improve the lean manufacturing process of their business by analyzing what creates customer value-form customer perspective, identifying various steps within the process chain. Along with this, a company should manufacture only what is used and consumed by its customers.

It is also suggested to the manager of Jaguar Land Rover to follow and implement an effective capacity planning or capacity management process. It helps them in measuring and analyzing the effectiveness, productivity as well as the ability of their workforce and their business.

For effective implementation of the capacity planning process the operation manager of Jaguar Land Rover should focus on some key areas of this process. Such areas are

• Selection of appropriate planning process.

• Identification of key resources that are to be measured.

• Effectively utilizations resources.

• Effectively Comparison with the utilization of resources with maximum capacities.

• Collection of workload forecasts from users.

• Transforming requirements into existing utilizations.

• Updating forecasts and utilization of resources.

References

After-Sales, T.S.G.M., 2018. Research on the Optimization of After-Sales Parts Supply Chain Management Based on Supplier Management. Open Access Library Journal, 5, p.e4976. https://www.scirp.org/pdf/oalibj_2018112316050181.pdf

Agarwal, A. and Jayant, A., 2019. Support Vector Machine Model for Demand Forecasting in an Automobile parts industry: A Case Study. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 9, pp.33-49. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/63724554/8169.pdf20200623-2164-1ung9fq.pdf?1592980160=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DSupport_Vector_Machine_Model_for_Demand.pdf&Expires=1609611419&Signature=FH8nx3avHjy4kBkSe2nqurYP~wz3acvN8tjDin78apYE3BJh3sVODm3VwsvJ~RYMbY3PDrkHWpXuzkGXJbVV9pI3Zp9k0r4uVJ6C0dLxGOmG-8emDZXSMDM1duoq9IITedsFh6I8KEfEHJ9mUmx7hx28ME8XphzfFG1JFnPu1078AU9BMGhMMFHQrxgL4IZuEPO3wlaFLPUl1gPNzAhVZSPZuajlQzf13I9b48ZiD18kfM4YYwQ2AmNnvYHdWIGRRX8-9AGbucmafs2aMuiUgmF4zSiKZlB8Tj9tUfp70PIXIgQ8uNkXvcYgBEkXDpk44YBpR1qrOE2O51dvb05k9A__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA

Chan, J.G., Safaei, J. and Rotter, T., 2020. Are the benefits of lean rapid process improvement workshops in healthcare worth the investment?. Journal of Hospital Administration, 9(2).https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jalil_Safaei/publication/340537471_Are_the_benefits_of_lean_rapid_process_improvement_workshops_in_healthcare_worth_the_investment/links/5e962ce6a6fdcca7891871d1/Are-the-benefits-of-lean-rapid-process-improvement-workshops-in-healthcare-worth-the-investment.pdf

Doshi, J. and Desai, D., 2017. APPLICATION OF FAILURE MODE & EFFECT ANALYSIS (FMEA) FOR CONTINUOUS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT-MULTIPLE CASE STUDIES IN AUTOMOBILE SMES. International Journal for Quality Research, 11(2). http://www.ijqr.net/journal/v11-n2/7.pdf

Elisabeth, D.R., Chauhan, R., Thakar, I. and Suyono, J., 2020. A STUDY ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN AUTOMOBILE SECTOR. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 17(6), pp.11363-11373. https://archives.palarch.nl/index.php/jae/article/download/2931/2836

Eveleens, C.P., van Rijnsoever, F.J. and Niesten, E.M., 2017. How network-based incubation helps start-up performance: a systematic review against the background of management theories. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(3), pp.676-713.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10961-016-9510-7

Mayr, A., Weigelt, M., Kühl, A., Grimm, S., Erll, A., Potzel, M. and Franke, J., 2018. Lean 4.0-A conceptual conjunction of lean management and Industry 4.0. Procedia Cirp, 72(1), pp.622-628.https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andreas_Mayr8/publication/326020401_Lean_40_-_A_conceptual_conjunction_of_lean_management_and_Industry_40/links/5b366d63a6fdcc8506df9060/Lean-40-A-conceptual-conjunction-of-lean-management-and-Industry-40.pdf

Möldner, A.K., Garza-Reyes, J.A. and Kumar, V., 2020. Exploring lean manufacturing practices' influence on process innovation performance. Journal of Business Research, 106, pp.233-249.https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/preview/858680/JBR%20Paper%20-%20Revised%20Version2.pdf

Pakdil, F. and Leonard, K.M., 2017. Implementing and sustaining lean processes: the dilemma of societal culture effects. International Journal of Production Research, 55(3), pp.700-717.https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Karen_Leonard/publication/304905016_Implementing_and_sustaining_lean_processes_the_dilemma_of_societal_culture_effects/links/5f52ab70458515e96d2eb726/Implementing-and-sustaining-lean-processes-the-dilemma-of-societal-culture-effects.pdf

Park, Y., Nakaoka, I. and Chen, Y., 2020. The R&D Strategy of Automobile Companies in Radical Innovation. Journal of Robotics, Networking and Artificial Life, 7(3), pp.184-189. https://www.atlantis-press.com/journals/jrnal/125944877/view

Rishi, J.P., Srinivas, T.R. and Ramachandra, C.G., 2018. A Study on Lean Manufacturing Practice Carried Out for Axle Housing Plant. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 144, p. 05005). EDP Sciences. https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2018/03/matecconf_rimes2017_05005.pdf

Sabet, E., Yazdani, B., Kian, R. and Galanakis, K., 2020. A strategic and global manufacturing capacity management optimisation model: A Scenario-based multi-stage stochastic programming approach. Omega, 93, p.102026.https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ramez_Kian/publication/330389976_A_strategic_and_global_manufacturing_capacity_management_optimisation_model_A_Scenario-based_multi-stage_stochastic_programming_approach/links/5e77239f92851cf2719dacf2/A-strategic-and-global-manufacturing-capacity-management-optimisation-model-A-Scenario-based-multi-stage-stochastic-programming-approach.pdf

Sao, A., Singh, S., Dixit, S., Pandey, A.K. and Singh, S., 2017. Quality, productivity and customer satisfaction in service operations: An empirical study. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(10), pp.579-596. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Saurav_Dixit/publication/321359224_Quality_productivity_and_customer_satisfaction_in_service_operations_An_empirical_study/links/5a1e76630f7e9b9d5effecdc/Quality-productivity-and-customer-satisfaction-in-service-operations-An-empirical-study.pdf

Smys, S. and Ranganathan, G., 2019. Robot assisted sensing control and manufacture in automobile industry. J ISMAC, 1(03), pp.180-187. https://www.irojournals.com/iroismac/V1/I3/05.pdf

Vaddadi, K. and Rajitha, M.P.U., 2019. WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY–A CASE STUDY OF HERO MOTOCORP PRIVATE LIMITED. Journal Homepage: http://ijmr. net. in, 7(11). https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/61699814/IJMSS8Nov19-834620200106-66664-nn91yc.pdf?1578378292=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DWORKING_CAPITAL_MANAGEMENT_IN_AUTOMOBILE.pdf&Expires=1609611246&Signature=BmC820ZhqW59wzO2Q6wqTLGRF8D9D15Wp1khpvbKJrptRrMqU2m4Ax8McDo3pq9rEJlaB15ZUP4mBp00PaEChR3m10HMk5K-T206t4tO46tSf3EYZ418QHIH1-McUMRvARGIL3o4fS~wJdilac9-5WBaTR3ozfgT42zWz49TTZHDFOYWJ-0v2zy7fCd85XNds7SYj4ozinswFi7~ZcFvDAcYU07eFGQA1fk3tikCda0uCUn4HZqYkcsu2nGNaZh3ddGKxPZFfEarxWnHk4fwYv8AYh0OMvrhi3m18~0vx3eq1Yk8wn05eBXOg-XiDrJMCAvIHv1KTgyE743bYXeazA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA

Zhou, B. and Peng, T., 2019. Scheduling just-in-time part replenishment of the automobile assembly line with unrelated parallel machines. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 233(14), pp.5113-5130. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0954406219839083